Journal Description
Materials
Materials
is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials science and engineering published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Materials Society (SPM), Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) and Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) are affiliated with Materials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Materials.
- Companion journals for Materials include: Electronic Materials and Construction Materials.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Numerical Optimization of Variable Blank Holder Force Trajectories in Stamping Process for Multi-Defect Reduction
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2578; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112578 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
An intelligent optimization technology was proposed to mitigate prevalent multi-defects, particularly failure, wrinkling, and springback in sheet metal forming. This method combined deep neural networks (DNNs), genetic algorithms (GAs), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), collectively as DNN-GA-MCS. Our primary aim was to determine
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An intelligent optimization technology was proposed to mitigate prevalent multi-defects, particularly failure, wrinkling, and springback in sheet metal forming. This method combined deep neural networks (DNNs), genetic algorithms (GAs), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), collectively as DNN-GA-MCS. Our primary aim was to determine intricate process parameters while elucidating the intricate relationship between processing methodologies and material properties. To achieve this goal, variable blank holder force (VBHF) trajectories were implemented into five sub-stroke steps, facilitating adjustments to the blank holder force via numerical simulations with an oil pan model. The Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) predicted by machine learning algorithms based on the Generalized Incremental Stress State Dependent Damage (GISSMO) model provided a robust framework for evaluating sheet failure dynamics during the stamping process. Numerical results confirmed significant improvements in formed quality: compared with the average value of training sets, the improvements of 18.89%, 13.59%, and 14.26% are achieved in failure, wrinkling, and springback; in the purposed two-segmented mode VBHF case application, the average value of three defects is improved by 12.62%, and the total summation of VBHF is reduced by 14.07%. Statistical methodologies grounded in material flow analysis were applied, accompanied by the proposal of distinctive optimization strategies for the die structure aimed at enhancing material flow efficiency. In conclusion, our advanced methodology exhibits considerable potential to improve sheet metal forming processes, highlighting its significant effect on defect reduction.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys, Volume III)
Open AccessArticle
Application of Digital Image Correlation for Strain Mapping of Structural Elements and Materials
by
Paweł Bogusz, Wiesław Krasoń and Kamil Pazur
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112577 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The strain gauge method and the digital image correlation (DIC) method are commonly employed for measuring strain in tested objects, including material specimens and structural elements. The optical method enables the assessment of 3D strain fields across the entire area of interest, achieved
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The strain gauge method and the digital image correlation (DIC) method are commonly employed for measuring strain in tested objects, including material specimens and structural elements. The optical method enables the assessment of 3D strain fields across the entire area of interest, achieved through cameras and advanced software. The study investigates both quasi-static strength tests and more advanced research of structures. It explores full-scale construction testing, featuring highly stressed components of new wagon designs. The paper reviews the benefits and challenges of using the DIC method to measure large-scale elements. Conducting full-scale object testing is characterized by significant complexity, often involving interactions between elements, complex loading conditions, and the influence of friction. Numerous factors affect the measurements. Therefore, to compare both methods, an initially standard shear by tensile test of CFRP composite was analyzed. The analysis of strain maps provides valuable visualization of deformation patterns occurring during construction loading. The strain gauge method was crucial for verifying the quality of the DIC measurements. The results obtained provide a detailed understanding of how the components behave, highlighting the versatility of digital image correlation technology. For strain values of 0.3% and above, a good match was obtained between optical and strain gauge measurements. Below this value, the results have less accuracy. The results obtained provide a detailed understanding of how the components behave, highlighting the versatility of digital image correlation technology. The error comparison and discussion between different measurement scenarios were conducted. The paper presents a developed methodology for measuring strain and displacement state in complex and crucial structural elements. The method can be applied to measurements of heavily loaded components used in the transportation industry; for example, in railways.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanics of Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimizing the Utilization of Steel Slag in Cement-Stabilized Base Layers: Insights from Freeze–Thaw and Fatigue Testing
by
Peng-Cheng Song, Guo-Xin Chen and Ying-Jie Chen
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2576; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112576 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized steel-slag-based materials under freeze–thaw cycles for a highway project in Xinjiang. Using 3D scanning technology the specimen model conforming to the real steel slag shape was established. The objectives of the study
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This paper presents a study on the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized steel-slag-based materials under freeze–thaw cycles for a highway project in Xinjiang. Using 3D scanning technology the specimen model conforming to the real steel slag shape was established. The objectives of the study are as follows: to explore the sensitivity between the macro- and micro-parameters of the specimen and to establish a non-linear regression equation; and to study the changes in mechanical properties of materials under freeze–thaw cycles, fatigue loading, and coupled freeze–thaw cycle–fatigue loading. The results show that there are three stages of compression damage of the specimen, namely, linear elasticity, peak plasticity, and post-peak decline. Maximum contact forces between cracks and particles occur mainly in the shear zone region within the specimen. The compression damage of the specimen is a mixed tensile–shear damage dominated by shear damage. When freeze–thaw cycles or fatigue loads are applied alone, the flexural strength and fatigue life of the specimens show a linear relationship of decline. The decrease in flexural modulus at low stress is divided into the following: a period of rapid decline, a relatively smooth period, and a period of fracture, with a tendency to change towards linear decay with increasing stress. In the case of freeze–thaw–fatigue coupling, the flexural modulus of the specimen decreases drastically by about 50% in the first 2 years, and then enters a period of steady decrease in flexural modulus in the 3rd–5th years.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Comparison of Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Caffeic Acid Conjugates
by
Grzegorz Świderski, Ewelina Gołębiewska, Monika Kalinowska, Renata Świsłocka, Natalia Kowalczyk, Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć and Włodzimierz Lewandowski
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112575 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, Raman, 1H, and 13C NMR, UV-VIS) of caffeic acid (CFA) and its conjugates, i.e., caftaric acid (CTA), cichoric acid (CA), and cynarin (CY), were carried out. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was determined by a superoxide dismutase
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Spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, Raman, 1H, and 13C NMR, UV-VIS) of caffeic acid (CFA) and its conjugates, i.e., caftaric acid (CTA), cichoric acid (CA), and cynarin (CY), were carried out. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was determined by a superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay and the hydroxyl radical (HO•) inhibition assay. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was performed on DLD-1 cell lines. The molecules were theoretically modeled using the B3LYP-6-311++G(d,p) method. Aromaticity indexes (HOMA, I6, BAC, Aj), HOMO and LUMO orbital energies and reactivity descriptors, NBO electron charge distribution, EPS electrostatic potential maps, and theoretical IR and NMR spectra were calculated for the optimized model systems. The structural features of these compounds were discussed in terms of their biological activities.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Compounds of Natural Origin—Physicochemical and Biological Properties and Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Solubility of Hydrogen in a WMoTaNbV High-Entropy Alloy
by
Anna Liski, Tomi Vuoriheimo, Jesper Byggmästar, Kenichiro Mizohata, Kalle Heinola, Tommy Ahlgren, Ko-Kai Tseng, Ting-En Shen, Che-Wei Tsai, Jien-Wei Yeh, Kai Nordlund, Flyura Djurabekova and Filip Tuomisto
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2574; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112574 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The WMoTaNbV alloy has shown promise for applications as a solid state hydrogen storage material. It absorbs significant quantities of H directly from the atmosphere, trapping it with high energy. In this work, the dynamics of the absorption of hydrogen isotopes are studied
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The WMoTaNbV alloy has shown promise for applications as a solid state hydrogen storage material. It absorbs significant quantities of H directly from the atmosphere, trapping it with high energy. In this work, the dynamics of the absorption of hydrogen isotopes are studied by determining the activation energy for the solubility and the solution enthalpy of H in the WMoTaNbV alloy. The activation energy was studied by heating samples in a H atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 20 C to 400 C and comparing the amounts of absorbed H. The solution activation energy of H was determined to be eV (21.2 ± 1.9 kJ/mol). The performed density functional theory calculations revealed that the neighbouring host atoms strongly influenced the solution enthalpy, leading to a range of theoretical values from −0.40 eV to 0.29 eV (−38.6 kJ/mol to 28.0 kJ/mol).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Welding Degree on the Meso-Mechanical Anisotropy, Fracture Propagation, and Fracture Surface Roughness of Welded Tuff
by
Beixiu Huang, Lihui Li, Chenglong Li, Sijia Qiao and Pathegama Gamage Ranjith
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112573 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Welded tuffs have a wide range of welding degrees and show significant variability in mechanical behavior. However, the detailed influence of welding degree on the meso-mechanical behavior of welded tuffs remains unclear. Based on petrographic and pore-structure analysis, we conducted a
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Abstract: Welded tuffs have a wide range of welding degrees and show significant variability in mechanical behavior. However, the detailed influence of welding degree on the meso-mechanical behavior of welded tuffs remains unclear. Based on petrographic and pore-structure analysis, we conducted a series of meso-mechanical experiments on weakly to strongly welded tuffs by utilizing a mesoscale real-time loading-observation-acquisition system. The results indicated that the strongly and weakly welded tuffs showed a small range in mineralogical composition and porosity, while the meso-mechanical behavior exhibited significant variability. Strongly welded tuffs showed lower uniaxial compression strength, weaker mechanical anisotropy, and smaller fracture surface roughness. In contrast, weakly welded tuffs exhibited higher uniaxial compression strength, stronger mechanical anisotropy, and rougher fracture surface roughness. Welded tuffs with strong packing and welding of glass shards tended to have fractures propagating along the maximum principal direction, while those with weak packing and welding of glass shards may have had failure along the alignment of glass shards. The influence of welding degree on the meso-mechanical behavior of welded tuffs probably originates from their diagenesis environments, mainly depending on the combined effect of the pyroclastic properties and pseudo-rhyolitic structure. The findings reveal the meso-mechanical differences of welded tuffs and shed light on improving tuffs for stable and durable construction.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Metallurgical Behaviour of Welded Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Modified Material Constitutive Model for Hot Forged Ti2AlNb over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Strain Rate
by
Liangliang Li, Xin Pan, Yongliang Zhang, Jianwei Mu, Jinfu Zhao, Xiangmin Dong and Zhifeng Liu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112572 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, the stress–strain curves of Ti2AlNb are established based on uniaxial impact tests over wide ranges of temperature and strain rate. The Ti2AlNb exhibited the work hardening effect but did not show an obvious yield stage during
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In this paper, the stress–strain curves of Ti2AlNb are established based on uniaxial impact tests over wide ranges of temperature and strain rate. The Ti2AlNb exhibited the work hardening effect but did not show an obvious yield stage during a quasi-static compression test. In the SHPB test, an obvious temperature softening effect was found, the strain rate strengthening effect was detected when the strain rate was 4000–8000 s−1, and the strain rate softening effect was detected in the range of 8000–12,000 s−1. A function describing the effect of strain rate on the strain rate strengthening parameters under various temperatures was proposed to modify the basic J-C constitutive model. The relative errors between the experimental measured value and predicted values in various experimental conditions with a modified J-C model were less than 5.0%. The results verified that the modified J-C model could accurately describe the dynamic mechanical properties of Ti2AlNb at high temperatures and strain rates. The research could help to illustrate the cutting mechanism and finite element simulation of Ti2AlNb alloy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Structural Refinement and Optoelectrical Properties of Nd2Ru2O7 and Gd2Ru2O7 Pyrochlore Oxides for Photovoltaic Applications
by
Assohoun Fulgence Kraidy, Abé Simon Yapi, Mimoun El Marssi, Arbelio Penton Madrigal and Yaovi Gagou
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2571; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112571 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
High-performance photovoltaic devices require active photoanodes with superior optoelectric properties. In this study, we synthesized neodymium ruthenate, Nd2Ru2O7 (NRO), and gadolinium ruthenate pyrochlore oxides, Gd2Ru2O7 (GRO), via the solid-state reaction technique, showcasing their
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High-performance photovoltaic devices require active photoanodes with superior optoelectric properties. In this study, we synthesized neodymium ruthenate, Nd2Ru2O7 (NRO), and gadolinium ruthenate pyrochlore oxides, Gd2Ru2O7 (GRO), via the solid-state reaction technique, showcasing their potential as promising candidates for photoanode absorbers to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. A structural analysis revealed predominantly cubic symmetry phases for both materials within the Fd-3m space group, along with residual orthorhombic symmetry phases (Nd3RuO7 and Gd3RuO7, respectively) refined in the Pnma space group. Raman spectroscopy further confirmed these phases, identifying distinct active modes of vibration in the predominant pyrochlore oxides. Additionally, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) elucidated the morphology and chemical composition of the compounds. The average grain size was determined to be approximately 0.5 µm for GRO and 1 µm for NRO. Electrical characterization via I-V measurements revealed that these pyrochlore oxides exhibit n-type semiconductor behavior, with conductivity estimated at 1.5 (Ohm·cm)−1 for GRO and 4.5 (Ohm·cm)−1 for NRO. Collectively, these findings position these metallic oxides as promising absorber materials for solar panels.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Ceramics and Their Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Applying a Tripodal Hexaurea Receptor for Binding to an Antitumor Drug, Combretastatin-A4 Phosphate
by
Yu Kong, Rong Zhang, Boyang Li, Wei Zhao, Ji Wang, Xiao-Wen Sun, Huihui Lv, Rui Liu, Juan Tang and Biao Wu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2570; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112570 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Phosphates play a crucial role in drug design, but their negative charge and high polarity make the transmembrane transport of phosphate species challenging. This leads to poor bioavailability of phosphate drugs. Combretastatin-A4 phosphate (CA4P) is such an anticancer monoester phosphate compound, but its
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Phosphates play a crucial role in drug design, but their negative charge and high polarity make the transmembrane transport of phosphate species challenging. This leads to poor bioavailability of phosphate drugs. Combretastatin-A4 phosphate (CA4P) is such an anticancer monoester phosphate compound, but its absorption and clinical applicability are greatly limited. Therefore, developing carrier systems to effectively deliver phosphate drugs like CA4P is essential. Anion receptors have been found to facilitate the transmembrane transport of anions through hydrogen bonding. In this study, we developed a tripodal hexaurea anion receptor (L1) capable of binding anionic CA4P through hydrogen bonding, with a binding constant larger than 104 M−1 in a DMSO/water mixed solvent. L1 demonstrated superior binding ability compared to other common anions, and exhibited negligible cell cytotoxicity, making it a promising candidate for future use as a carrier for drug delivery.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Materials—Recent Advances in Biomaterials)
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Open AccessArticle
The Influence of Retreated Lithium Slag with a High Content of Alkali, Sulfate and Fluoride on the Composition and the Microstructure of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
by
Dongqing Zhong, Shihong Wei, Hao Zhou, Xiaohang He, Binbin Qian, Bing Ma, Yueyang Hu and Xuehong Ren
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2569; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112569 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, the possibility of retreated lithium slag (RTLS) with a high content of alkali, sulfate and fluoride as a partial replacement for fly ash (FA) to produce autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) was investigated. The influence of the RTLS dosage on the
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In this paper, the possibility of retreated lithium slag (RTLS) with a high content of alkali, sulfate and fluoride as a partial replacement for fly ash (FA) to produce autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) was investigated. The influence of the RTLS dosage on the AAC performance were examined. The composition and microstructure of hydrates as well as the microstructure of the RTLS-FA-based AAC compositions were determined by XRD, FTIR, TG-DSC and SEM. The results illustrated that the incorporation of RTLS changed the crystal structure and the microstructure of the tobermorite. With increased RTLS contents, the morphology of tobermorite was changed, and the grass-like tobermorite gradually transformed into network-like tobermorite. The newly formed tobermorite improved the mechanical performance of the AAC. Compared with the RTLS10, the content of tobermorite in the RTLS30 increased by 8.6%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transforming Industrial Waste into Sustainable Construction Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Utilizing Industrial Sludge Ash in Brick Manufacturing and Quality Improvement
by
Yu-Ming Huang, Chao-Shi Chen, Chen-Chung Chen and Jian-Wen Lai
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112568 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
This research demonstrates changes in the behaviors and characteristics of sintered bricks while using industrial sludge ash (ISA) and waste glass (WG) as a replacement for clay in the brick manufacturing procedure. Owing to the limited amount of available land in Taiwan, it
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This research demonstrates changes in the behaviors and characteristics of sintered bricks while using industrial sludge ash (ISA) and waste glass (WG) as a replacement for clay in the brick manufacturing procedure. Owing to the limited amount of available land in Taiwan, it is becoming increasingly difficult to locate suitable sites for sanitary landfills, which is a common final disposal method for ash that is produced during thermal treatment in sludge factories. To meet the urgent need for land, the final waste disposal must convert this waste into a new resource. This research investigated the feasibility of using general industrial sludge ash waste, due to its abundance and high potential as a raw material in producing bricks. The result of this study shows that the bricks made from ISA and WG under a certain mixture proportion (ISA50%/WG40%/Clay10%) had excellent industrial potentials, such as compressive strength and water absorption rate. However, owing to the wide variety of components from different sources of ISA, the mixture proportion might vary accordingly. This study also analyzed the incineration index, proportion design, and process improvement, as well as investigating the possibility of increasing the total use of sludge ash as a resource. This study shows the potentials of utilizing wastes as raw materials in industrial manufacturing procedures. Therefore, more wastes can be tested and turned into resources in the future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling and Development of New Building Materials or Products (Second Volume))
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Open AccessArticle
Deformation-Induced Crystal Growth or Redissolution, and Crystal-Induced Strengthening or Ductilization in Metallic Glasses Containing Nanocrystals
by
Tittaya Thaiyanurak, Saowaluk Soonthornkit, Olivia Gordon, Zhenxing Feng and Donghua Xu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112567 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
It is generally known that the incorporation of crystals in the glass matrix can enhance the ductility of metallic glasses (MGs), at the expense of reduced strength, and that the deformation of MGs, particularly during shear banding, can induce crystal formation/growth. Here, we
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It is generally known that the incorporation of crystals in the glass matrix can enhance the ductility of metallic glasses (MGs), at the expense of reduced strength, and that the deformation of MGs, particularly during shear banding, can induce crystal formation/growth. Here, we show that these known trends for the interplay between crystals and deformation of MGs may hold true or become inverted depending on the size of the crystals relative to the shear bands. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of tensile tests on nanocrystal-bearing MGs. When the crystals are relatively small, they bolster the strength rather than the ductility of MGs, and the crystals within a shear band undergo redissolution as the shear band propagates. In contrast, larger crystals tend to enhance ductility at the cost of strength, and the crystal volume fraction increases during deformation. These insights offer a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between deformation and crystals/crystallization in MGs, useful for fine-tuning the structure and mechanical properties of both MGs and MG–crystal composites.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Properties of Metallic Glasses)
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Open AccessArticle
Study on Shear Performance of Corroded Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams under Impact Load
by
Jianxiao Gu, Liancheng Li, Xin Huang and Hui Chen
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2566; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112566 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
With the growing use of steel-fiber-reinforced-concrete (SFRC) beams in environmentally friendly and rapid construction, it is essential to assess their impact performance. These beams may encounter unexpected impact loadings from accidents or terrorist attacks during service life. This study explored the impact of
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With the growing use of steel-fiber-reinforced-concrete (SFRC) beams in environmentally friendly and rapid construction, it is essential to assess their impact performance. These beams may encounter unexpected impact loadings from accidents or terrorist attacks during service life. This study explored the impact of steel fiber content and drop hammer height on the impact load testing of corrosion-treated SFRC beams. Experiments were conducted with varying steel fiber contents (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%), and drop hammer height (1 m, 2 m, and 3 m). The corrosion test demonstrates that SFRC beams supplemented with steel fibers showcase a diminished surface rust spot area in comparison to those lacking fibers. This improvement is ascribed to the bonding between fibers and the concrete matrix, along with their current-sharing properties. SFRC beams, subjected to impact testing, exhibit concrete crushing at the top without spalling, showcasing improved impact resistance due to increased fiber content, which reduces crack formation. Additionally, different fiber contents yield varied responses to impact loads, with higher fiber content notably enhancing overall beam performance and energy dissipation capacity. Energy dissipation analysis shows a moderate increase with higher fiber contents, and impulse impact force generally rises with fiber content, indicating improved impact resistance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials (2nd Edition))
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Model-Based Sensitivity Analysis of the Temperature in Laser Powder Bed Fusion
by
Zhihao Yang, Shiting Zhang, Xia Ji and Steven Y. Liang
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112565 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
To quantitatively evaluate the effect of the process parameters and the material properties on the temperature in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), this paper proposed a sensitivity analysis of the temperature based on the validated prediction model. First, three different heat source modes—point
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To quantitatively evaluate the effect of the process parameters and the material properties on the temperature in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), this paper proposed a sensitivity analysis of the temperature based on the validated prediction model. First, three different heat source modes—point heat source, Gaussian surface heat source, and Gaussian body heat source—were introduced. Then, a case study of Ti6Al4V is conducted to determine the suitable range of heat source density for the three different heat source models. Based on this, the effects of laser processing parameters and material thermophysical parameters on the temperature field and molten pool size are quantitatively discussed based on the Gaussian surface heat source. The results indicate that the Gaussian surface heat source and the Gaussian body heat source offer higher prediction accuracy for molten pool width compared to the point heat source under similar processing parameters. When the laser energy density is between 40 and 70 J/mm3, the prediction accuracy of the Gaussian surface heat source and the body heat source is similar, and the average prediction errors are 4.427% and 2.613%, respectively. When the laser energy density is between 70 and 90 J/mm3, the prediction accuracy of the Gaussian body heat source is superior to that of the Gaussian surface heat source. Among the influencing factors, laser power exerts the greatest influence on the temperature field and molten pool size, followed by scanning speed. In particular, laser power and scan speed contribute 38.9% and 23.5% to the width of the molten pool, 39.1% and 19.6% to the depth of the molten pool, and 38.9% and 21.5% to the maximum temperature, respectively.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Manufacturing Technology and Its Advanced Applications)
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Open AccessReview
Research Progress of Bioinspired Structural Color in Camouflage
by
Yimin Gong, Haibin Wang, Jianxin Luo, Jiwei Chen and Zhengyao Qu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2564; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112564 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
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Bioinspired structural color represents a burgeoning field that draws upon principles, strategies, and concepts derived from biological systems to inspire the design of novel technologies or products featuring reversible color changing mechanisms, with significant potential applications for camouflage, sensors, anticounterfeiting, etc. This mini-review
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Bioinspired structural color represents a burgeoning field that draws upon principles, strategies, and concepts derived from biological systems to inspire the design of novel technologies or products featuring reversible color changing mechanisms, with significant potential applications for camouflage, sensors, anticounterfeiting, etc. This mini-review focuses specifically on the research progress of bioinspired structural color in the realm of camouflage. Firstly, it discusses fundamental mechanisms of coloration in biological systems, encompassing pigmentation, structural coloration, fluorescence, and bioluminescence. Subsequently, it delineates three modulation strategies—namely, photonic crystals, film interference, and plasmonic modulation—that contribute to the development of bioinspired structural color materials or devices. Moreover, the review critically assesses the integration of bioinspired structural color materials with environmental contexts, with a particular emphasis on their application in camouflage. Finally, the paper outlines persisting challenges and suggests future development trends in the camouflage field via bioinspired structural color.
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Open AccessArticle
Synthesis and Properties of Size-Adjustable CsPbBr3 Nanosheets for Potential Photocatalysis
by
Qi Liu, Hang Li, Xiaoqian Wang, Jiazhen He, Xuemin Luo, Mingwei Wang, Jinfeng Liu and Yong Liu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2563; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112563 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Amidst the rapid advancements in the fields of photovoltaics and optoelectronic devices, CsPbBr3 nanosheets (NSs) have emerged as a focal point of research due to their exceptional optical and electronic properties. This work explores the application potential of CsPbBr3 NSs in
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Amidst the rapid advancements in the fields of photovoltaics and optoelectronic devices, CsPbBr3 nanosheets (NSs) have emerged as a focal point of research due to their exceptional optical and electronic properties. This work explores the application potential of CsPbBr3 NSs in photonic and catalytic domains. Utilizing an optimized hot-injection method and a ZnBr2-assisted in situ passivation strategy, we successfully synthesized CsPbBr3 NSs with controlled dimensions and optical characteristics. Comprehensive characterization revealed that the nucleation environment and thickness significantly influenced the structure and optical performance of the materials. The results indicate that the optimized synthesis method enables control over the lateral dimensions of the nanoparticles, ranging from 9.1 ± 0.06 nm to 334.5 ± 4.40 nm, facilitating the tuning of the excitation wavelength from 460 nm (blue) to 510 nm (green). Further analyses involving photoresponse and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated the substantial potential of these NSs in applications such as photocatalysis and energy conversion.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Devices)
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Optimization of Chitosan Synthesis Process Parameters to Enhance PES/Chitosan Membrane Performance for the Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
by
Ndiwanga F. Rasifudi, Lukhanyo Mekuto and Machodi J. Mathaba
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2562; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112562 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is an environmental issue linked with mining activities, causing the release of toxic water from mining areas. Polyethersulphone (PES) membranes are explored for AMD treatment, but their limited hydrophilicity hinders their performance. Chitosan enhances hydrophilicity, addressing this issue. However,
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is an environmental issue linked with mining activities, causing the release of toxic water from mining areas. Polyethersulphone (PES) membranes are explored for AMD treatment, but their limited hydrophilicity hinders their performance. Chitosan enhances hydrophilicity, addressing this issue. However, the effectiveness depends on chitosan’s degree of deacetylation (DD), determined during the deacetylation process for chitosan production. This study optimized the chitin deacetylation temperature, alkaline (NaOH) concentration, and reaction time, yielding the highest chitosan degree of deacetylation (DD) for PES/chitosan membrane applications. Prior research has shown that high DD chitosan enhances membrane antifouling and hydrophilicity, increasing contaminant rejection and permeate flux. Evaluation of the best deacetylation conditions in terms of temperature (80, 100, 120 °C), NaOH concentration (20, 40, 60 wt.%), and time (2, 4, 6 h) was performed. The highest chitosan DD obtained was 87.11% at 80 °C, 40 wt. %NaOH at 4 h of chitin deacetylation. The PES/0.75 chitosan membrane (87.11%DD) showed an increase in surface hydrophilicity (63.62° contact angle) as compared to the pristine PES membrane (72.83° contact angle). This was an indicated improvement in membrane performance. Thus, presumably leading to high contaminant rejection and permeate flux in the AMD treatment context, postulate to literature.
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Open AccessArticle
Influence оf Surface Preparation of Aluminum Alloy AW-5754 аnd Stainless Steel X5CRNI18-10 оn the Properties оf Bonded Joints
by
Nataša Zdravković, Damjan Klobčar, Dragan Milčić, Matevž Zupančić, Borut Žužek, Miodrag Milčić and Aleksija Đurić
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2561; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112561 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Adhesive bonding has proven to be a reliable method of joining materials, and the development of new adhesives has made it possible to use bonding in a variety of applications. This article addresses the challenges of bonding metals such as the aluminum alloy
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Adhesive bonding has proven to be a reliable method of joining materials, and the development of new adhesives has made it possible to use bonding in a variety of applications. This article addresses the challenges of bonding metals such as the aluminum alloy EN AW-5754 and the stainless steel X5CrNi18-10. In this study, the effects of laser cleaning and texturing on the surface properties and strength of two bonded joints were investigated and compared with mechanical preparation (hand sanding with Scotch-Brite and P180 sandpaper). The bonded joints were tested with three different epoxy adhesives. During the tests, the adhesion properties of the bonded surface were determined by measuring the contact angle and assessing the wettability, the surface roughness parameters for the different surface preparations, and the mechanical properties (tensile lap-shear strength). Based on the strength test results, it was found that bonded joints made of stainless steel had 16% to 40% higher strength than aluminum alloys when using the same adhesive and surface preparation. Laser cleaning resulted in maximum shear strength of the aluminum alloy bond, while the most suitable surface preparation for both materials was preparation with P180 sandpaper for all adhesives.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Modification for Adhesive Bonding)
Open AccessReview
Review of the Development of an Unbonded Flexible Riser: New Material, Types of Layers, and Cross-Sectional Mechanical Properties
by
Qingsheng Liu, Zhongyuan Qu, Feng Chen, Xiaoya Liu and Gang Wang
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112560 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Unbonded flexible risers consist of several helical and cylindrical layers, which can undergo large bending deformation and can be installed in different configurations to adapt to harsh marine environments; thus, they can be applied to transport oil and gas resources from ultra-deep waters
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Unbonded flexible risers consist of several helical and cylindrical layers, which can undergo large bending deformation and can be installed in different configurations to adapt to harsh marine environments; thus, they can be applied to transport oil and gas resources from ultra-deep waters (UDW). Due to their special geometric characteristics, they can ensure sufficient axial tensile stiffness while having small bending stiffness, which can undergo large deflection bending deformation. In recent years, the development of unbonded flexible risers has been moving in an intelligent, integrated direction. This paper presents a review of unbonded flexible risers. Firstly, the form and properties of each interlayer of an unbonded flexible riser are introduced, as well as the corresponding performance and configuration characteristics. In recent years, the development of unbonded flexible risers has been evolving, and the development of machine learning on unbonded flexible risers is discussed. Finally, with emphasis on exploring the design characteristics and working principles, three new types of unbonded flexible risers, an integrated production bundle, an unbonded flexible riser with an anti-H2S layer, and an unbonded flexible riser with a composite armor layer, are presented. The research results show that: (1) the analytical methods of cross-sectional properties of unbonded flexible risers are solved based on ideal assumptions, and the computational accuracy needs to be improved. (2) Numerical methods have evolved from equivalent simplified models to models that account for detailed geometric properties. (3) Compared with ordinary steel risers, the unbonded flexible riser is more suitable for deep-sea resource development, and the structure of each layer can be designed according to the requirements of the actual environment.
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Open AccessArticle
A Water-Soluble Thermoplastic Polyamide Acid Sizing Agents for Enhancing Interfacial Properties of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polyimide Composites
by
Chengyu Huang, Peng Zhang, Bo Li, Mingchen Sun, Hansong Liu, Jinsong Sun, Yan Zhao and Jianwen Bao
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2559; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112559 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Carbon-fiber-reinforced polyimide (PI) resin composites have gained significant attention in the field of continuous-fiber-reinforced polymers, in which the interfacial bonding between carbon fiber and matrix resin has been an important research direction. This study designed and prepared a water-soluble thermoplastic polyamide acid sizing
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Carbon-fiber-reinforced polyimide (PI) resin composites have gained significant attention in the field of continuous-fiber-reinforced polymers, in which the interfacial bonding between carbon fiber and matrix resin has been an important research direction. This study designed and prepared a water-soluble thermoplastic polyamide acid sizing agent to improve the wettability of carbon fiber, enhance the van der Waals forces between carbon fiber and resin and strengthen the chemical bonding between the sizing agent and the alkyne-capped polyimide resin by introducing alkyne-containing functional groups into the sizing agent. This study found that the addition of a sizing layer effectively bridged the large modulus difference between the fiber and resin regions, resulting in the formation of an interfacial layer approximately 85 nm thick. This layer facilitated the transfer of stress from the matrix to the reinforced carbon fiber, leading to a significant improvement in the interfacial properties of the composites. Adjusting the concentration of the sizing agent showed that composites treated with 3% had the best interfacial properties. The interfacial shear strength increased from 82.08 MPa to 108.62 MPa (32.33%) compared to unsized carbon fiber. This research is significant for developing sizing agents suitable for carbon-fiber-reinforced polyimide composites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymeric Materials)
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