Assessment of CO2 storage capacity based on sparse data: Skade Formation.

Highlights • Assessment of storage capacity of a large saline aquifer system in the North Sea combining geological, geophysical, geomechanics and dynamic simulation expertise. • Extensive remapping of the entire Skade/Utsira system, with particular attention to basin-wide pressure communication and boundary conditions. • Dynamic capacity study that advances and refines storage estimates from high-level screening estimates based solely on pore volume and pressure constraints. • Demonstrates a capacity estimation workflow that focuses on strong interdisciplinary collaboration that starts from optimal use of existing data through to uncertainty analysis by stochastic simulations. Abstract Large North Sea aquifers of high quality are the likely major target for 12 Gt of European CO 2 emissions that should be stored in the subsurface by 2050. This involves an upscaling of the present combined injection rate from all European projects, which requires careful examination of the storage feasibility. Many aquifers are closed or semi-closed, with storage capacity mainly constrained by consideration of caprock failure criteria. Because the induced overpressure can propagate to sensitive regions far from the injector, the risk of caprock failure must be examined in terms of large volumes and for long times. This poses challenges with respect to fluid-flow simulation in the presence of highly uncertain aquifer properties. In this work, experts on geology, geophysics, geomechanics and simulation technique collaborate to optimize the use of existing data in an efficient simulation framework. The workflow is applied to the large North Sea Skade Formation, with potential for secondary storage and pressure dissipation in the overlying Utsira Formation. Injection at three locations in Skade gives an overall practical capacity of 1–6 Gt CO 2 injected over a 50-year period, depending on the reservoir permeability and compressibility. The capacity is limited by local pressure buildup around wells for the lowest estimated reservoir permeability, and otherwise by regional pressure buildup in shallow zones far from the injection sites. Local deformation of clay due to viscoelastoplastic effects do not have an impact on leakage from the aquifer, but these effects may modify the properties of clay layers within the aquifer, which reduces the risk of lateral compartmentalization. Uplift of the seafloor does not impose constraints on the capacity beyond those set by pressure buildup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]