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The present study intends to explore the relationship between tourism growth and air pollution at a regional level for five important tourism European destinations: France, Spain, Greece, Portugal, and Italy. Most of the studies found in the literature examine this relationship on a national scale and focus only on the CO 2 pollutant, which is a greenhouse gas but not a critical pollutant in terms of air quality and human exposure. This research focuses on a regional basis (NUTS 2 classification) and takes into account the main critical pollutants in terms of urban air pollution (namely: NOx, PM10, and PM2.5), and considers 10 years, from 2009 until 2018. This work aims to investigate evidence of a tourism-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for the countries through the construction of five panels, one for each country, including different variables: the Gross Domestic Product, the energy consumption, and the number of nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments from both domestic and foreign tourists. The Levin-Lin-Chu unit root test proves the variables to be stationary, while the Pedroni cointegration test shows that they are integrated. The pooled OLS estimator is employed throughout the countries to check the relationship among the variables. Results reveal that the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis is not validated for any of the countries. The findings also show that in Portugal, Italy, and Greece, there is a negative relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution, while mixed evidence is found for France and Spain. Moreover, differences in the impacts of international and domestic tourists on air pollution are found: foreign tourists negatively impact emissions, while domestic ones increase them. This result is clear for Spain, Greece, and Italy. The Granger panel causality test is then conducted to see the causality among the variables.

Titel:	Air pollution and tourism growth relationship: exploring regional dynamics in five European countries through an EKC model.
Autor/in / Beteiligte Person:	Ciarlantini, S ; Madaleno, M ; Robaina, M ; Monteiro, A ; Eusébio, C ; Carneiro, MJ ; Gama, C
Link:	Full Text Finder (Volltext)
Zeitschrift:	Environmental science and pollution research international, Jg. 30 (2023-03-01), Heft 15, S. 42904-42922
Veröffentlichung:	<2013->: Berlin : Springer ; <i>Original Publication</i>: Landsberg, Germany : Ecomed, 2023
Medientyp:	academicJournal
ISSN:	1614-7499 (electronic)
DOI:	10.1007/s11356-021-18087-w
Schlagwort:	Humans Tourism Environmental Pollution analysis Europe Carbon Dioxide analysis Economic Development Air Pollution Environmental Pollutants
Sonstiges:	Nachgewiesen in: MEDLINE Sprachen: English Publication Type: Journal Article Language: English [Environ Sci Pollut Res Int] 2023 Mar; Vol. 30 (15), pp. 42904-42922. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2022 Jan 18. MeSH Terms: Air Pollution* ; Environmental Pollutants* ; Humans ; Tourism ; Environmental Pollution / analysis ; Europe ; Carbon Dioxide / analysis ; Economic Development References: Eurostat Data Browser, official website, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/data/database , last consultation: December 2020. Accessed 12 Feb 2021. ; Adedoyin FF, Nathaniel S, Adeleye N (2021) An investigation into the anthropogenic nexus among consumption of energy, tourism, and economic growth: do economic policy uncertainties matter? Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:2835–2847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10638-x. 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Air pollution and tourism growth relationship: exploring regional dynamics in five European countries through an EKC model.