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The brain consists of thousands of neuronal types that are generated by stem cells producing different neuronal types as they age. In Drosophila, this temporal patterning is driven by the successive expression of temporal transcription factors (tTFs) 1-6 . Here we used single-cell mRNA sequencing to identify the complete series of tTFs that specify most Drosophila optic lobe neurons. We verify that tTFs regulate the progression of the series by activating the next tTF(s) and repressing the previous one(s), and also identify more complex mechanisms of regulation. Moreover, we establish the temporal window of origin and birth order of each neuronal type in the medulla and provide evidence that these tTFs are sufficient to explain the generation of all of the neuronal diversity in this brain region. Finally, we describe the first steps of neuronal differentiation and show that these steps are conserved in humans. We find that terminal differentiation genes, such as neurotransmitter-related genes, are present as transcripts, but not as proteins, in immature larval neurons. This comprehensive analysis of a temporal series of tTFs in the optic lobe offers mechanistic insights into how tTF series are regulated, and how they can lead to the generation of a complete set of neurons.

Titel:	A complete temporal transcription factor series in the fly visual system.
Autor/in / Beteiligte Person:	Konstantinides, N ; Holguera, I ; Rossi, AM ; Escobar, A ; Dudragne, L ; Chen, YC ; Tran, TN ; Martínez Jaimes, AM ; Özel, MN ; Simon, F ; Shao, Z ; Tsankova, NM ; Fullard, JF ; Walldorf, U ; Roussos, P ; Desplan, C
Zeitschrift:	Nature, Jg. 604 (2022-04-01), Heft 7905, S. 316-322
Veröffentlichung:	Basingstoke : Nature Publishing Group ; <i>Original Publication</i>: London, Macmillan Journals ltd., 2022
Medientyp:	academicJournal
ISSN:	1476-4687 (electronic)
DOI:	10.1038/s41586-022-04564-w
Schlagwort:	Animals Neural Stem Cells cytology Neural Stem Cells metabolism Neurons cytology Neurons metabolism RNA-Seq Single-Cell Analysis Drosophila Proteins genetics Drosophila Proteins metabolism Drosophila melanogaster cytology Drosophila melanogaster genetics Drosophila melanogaster metabolism Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian cytology Transcription Factors metabolism Vision, Ocular Visual Perception
Sonstiges:	Nachgewiesen in: MEDLINE Sprachen: English Publication Type: Journal Article Language: English [Nature] 2022 Apr; Vol. 604 (7905), pp. 316-322. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2022 Apr 06. MeSH Terms: Drosophila Proteins* / genetics ; Drosophila Proteins* / metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster* / cytology ; Drosophila melanogaster* / genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster* / metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental* ; Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian* / cytology ; Transcription Factors* / metabolism ; Vision, Ocular* ; Visual Perception* ; Animals ; Neural Stem Cells / cytology ; Neural Stem Cells / metabolism ; Neurons / cytology ; Neurons / metabolism ; RNA-Seq ; Single-Cell Analysis References: Pearson, B. J. & Doe, C. Q. Specification of temporal identity in the developing nervous system. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20, 619–647 (2004). (PMID: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.11514215473854) ; Sato, M., Yasugi, T. & Trush, O. 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(PMID: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.06.005341465338386138) Grant Information: R01 EY013012 United States EY NEI NIH HHS; T32 HD007520 United States HD NICHD NIH HHS; R01 EY017916 United States EY NEI NIH HHS; EY019716 United States NH NIH HHS; RF1 DA048810 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; K99 EY029356 United States EY NEI NIH HHS Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Drosophila Proteins) ; 0 (Transcription Factors) Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20220407 Date Completed: 20220415 Latest Revision: 20221111 Update Code: 20231215 PubMed Central ID: PMC9074256

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A complete temporal transcription factor series in the fly visual system.