| Sonstiges: |
- Nachgewiesen in: MEDLINE
- Sprachen: English
- Publication Type: Journal Article; Review; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Language: English
- [Nat Rev Neurol] 2024 May; Vol. 20 (5), pp. 269-287. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2024 Apr 12.
- MeSH Terms: Biomarkers* / metabolism ; Biomarkers* / blood ; Nervous System Diseases* / diagnosis ; Nervous System Diseases* / metabolism ; Nervous System Diseases* / blood ; Neurofilament Proteins* / blood ; Intermediate Filaments* / metabolism ; Humans
- References: Khalil, M. et al. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 14, 577–589 (2018). (PMID: 30171200) ; Petzold, A. The 2022 Lady Estelle Wolfson lectureship on neurofilaments. J. Neurochem. 163, 179–219 (2022). (PMID: 359502639826399) ; Norgren, N., Karlsson, J.-E., Rosengren, L. & Stigbrand, T. Monoclonal antibodies selective for low molecular weight neurofilaments. Hybrid. Hybridomics 21, 53–59 (2002). (PMID: 11991817) ; Disanto, G. et al. Serum neurofilament light: a biomarker of neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 81, 857–870 (2017). (PMID: 285127535519945) ; Gisslén, M. et al. Plasma concentration of the neurofilament light protein (NFL) is a biomarker of CNS injury in HIV infection: a cross-sectional study. EBioMedicine 3, 135–140 (2016). (PMID: 26870824) ; Spitzenberger, F. et al. Laboratory-developed tests: design of a regulatory strategy in compliance with the international state-of-the-art and the regulation (EU) 2017/746 (EU IVDR [In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Device Regulation]). Ther. Innov. Regul. Sci. 56, 47–64 (2022). (PMID: 34291407) ; Hauser, S. L. et al. Ofatumumab versus teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 546–557 (2020). (PMID: 32757523) ; Tabrizi, S. J. et al. Targeting huntingtin expression in patients with Huntington’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 2307–2316 (2019). (PMID: 31059641) ; Miller, T. M. et al. Trial of antisense oligonucleotide tofersen for SOD1 ALS. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 1099–1110 (2022). (PMID: 36129998) ; Mullard, A. NfL makes regulatory debut as neurodegenerative disease biomarker. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 22, 431–434 (2023). (PMID: 37198334) ; Biogen. FDA Grants Accelerated Approval for QALSODY TM (Tofersen) for SOD1-ALS, a Major Scientific Advancement as the First Treatment to Target a Genetic Cause of ALS https://investors.biogen.com/news-releases/news-release-details/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-qalsodytm-tofersen-sod1-als (2023). ; Leptak, C. & Kozauer, N. Letter of Support to the International Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Alliance. U.S. Food & Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/media/149608/download (2021). ; Cooke, E. Letter of Support of Neurofilament Light in Childhood Neurological Diseases. European Medicines Agency https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/letter-support-neurofilament-light-childhood-neurological-diseases_en.pdf (2022). ; Koini, M. et al. Factors influencing serum neurofilament light chain levels in normal aging. Aging 13, 25729–25738 (2021). (PMID: 349234818751593) ; Fitzgerald, K. C. et al. Contributors to serum NFL levels in people without neurologic disease. Ann. Neurol. 92, 688–698 (2022). (PMID: 357300709489658) ; Benkert, P. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain for individual prognostication of disease activity in people with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective modelling and validation study. Lancet Neurol. 21, 246–257 (2022). (PMID: 35182510) ; Shaw, G. et al. Uman-type neurofilament light antibodies are effective reagents for the imaging of neurodegeneration. Brain Commun. 5, fcad067 (2023). (PMID: 3709158310120172) ; Gafson, A. R. et al. Neurofilaments: neurobiological foundations for biomarker applications. Brain 143, 1975–1998 (2020). (PMID: 324083457363489) ; Andreasson, U. et al. Assessing the commutability of candidate reference materials for the harmonization of neurofilament light measurements in blood. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 61, 1245–1254 (2023). (PMID: 36709509) ; Eldirany, S. A., Lomakin, I. B., Ho, M. & Bunick, C. G. Recent insight into intermediate filament structure. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 68, 132–143 (2021). (PMID: 33190098) ; Ghosh, K., Huihui, J., Phillips, M. & Haider, A. Rules of physical mathematics govern intrinsically disordered proteins. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 51, 355–376 (2022). (PMID: 351199469190209) ; Janmey, P. A., Leterrier, J.-F. & Herrmann, H. Assembly and structure of neurofilaments. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 8, 40–47 (2003). ; Trimpin, S. et al. Identification of endogenous phosphorylation sites of bovine medium and low molecular weight neurofilament proteins by tandem mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 43, 2091–2105 (2004). (PMID: 14967049) ; Petzold, A. Neurofilament phosphoforms: surrogate markers for axonal injury, degeneration and loss. J. Neurol. Sci. 233, 183–198 (2005). (PMID: 15896809) ; Rebelo, A. P. et al. Cryptic amyloidogenic elements in the 3’ UTRs of neurofilament genes trigger axonal neuropathy. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 98, 597–614 (2016). (PMID: 270406884833435) ; Murray, K. A. et al. Identifying amyloid-related diseases by mapping mutations in low-complexity protein domains to pathologies. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 29, 529–536 (2022). (PMID: 356374219205782) ; Xiao, S., McLean, J. & Robertson, J. Neuronal intermediate filaments and ALS: a new look at an old question. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1762, 1001–1012 (2006). ; Petzold, A. et al. Protein aggregate formation permits millennium-old brain preservation. J. R. Soc. Interface 17, 20190775 (2020). (PMID: 319107707014809) ; Briot, J., Simon, M. & Méchin, M.-C. Deimination, intermediate filaments and associated proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 8746 (2020). (PMID: 332281367699402) ; Cloos, P. A. C. & Christgau, S. Post-translational modifications of proteins: implications for aging, antigen recognition, and autoimmunity. Biogerontology 5, 139–158 (2004). (PMID: 15190184) ; Yuzwa, S. A. et al. Increasing O-GlcNAc slows neurodegeneration and stabilizes tau against aggregation. Nat. Chem. Biol. 8, 393–399 (2012). (PMID: 22366723) ; Zucchi, E. et al. A motor neuron strategy to save time and energy in neurodegeneration: adaptive protein stoichiometry. J. Neurochem. 146, 631–641 (2018). (PMID: 299598606175430) ; Jones, J. B. & Safinya, C. R. Interplay between liquid crystalline and isotropic gels in self-assembled neurofilament networks. Biophys. J. 95, 823–835 (2008). (PMID: 185833092440473) ; Lasek, R. J., Phillips, L., Katz, M. J. & Autilio-Gambetti, L. Function and evolution of neurofilament proteins. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 455, 462–478 (1985). (PMID: 3936386) ; Monaco, S., Autilio-Gambetti, L., Lasek, R. J., Katz, M. J. & Gambetti, P. Experimental increase of neurofilament transport rate: decreases in neurofilament number and in axon diameter. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 48, 23–32 (1989). (PMID: 2908896) ; Lasek, R. J., Oblinger, M. M. & Drake, P. F. Molecular biology of neuronal geometry: expression of neurofilament genes influences axonal diameter. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 48, 731–744 (1983). (PMID: 6202455) ; Balaratnasingam, C. et al. Axonal transport and cytoskeletal changes in the laminar regions after elevated intraocular pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48, 3632–3644 (2007). (PMID: 17652733) ; Vial, J. D. The early changes in the axoplasm during Wallerian degeneration. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 4, 551–555 (1958). (PMID: 135875482224545) ; Lasek, R. J. Bidirectional transport of radioactively labelled axoplasmic components. Nature 216, 1212–1214 (1967). (PMID: 6076067) ; Nixon, R. A. & Logvinenko, K. B. Multiple fates of newly synthesized neurofilament proteins: evidence for a stationary neurofilament network distributed nonuniformly along axons of retinal ganglion cell neurons. J. Cell Biol. 102, 647–659 (1986). (PMID: 2418034) ; Mutalik, S. P. & Ghose, A. Axonal cytomechanics in neuronal development. J. Biosci. 45, 64 (2020). (PMID: 32385223) ; Gentil, B. J. et al. Normal role of the low-molecular-weight neurofilament protein in mitochondrial dynamics and disruption in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. FASEB J. 26, 1194–1203 (2012). (PMID: 22155564) ; Wagner, O. I. et al. Mechanisms of mitochondria-neurofilament interactions. J. Neurosci. 23, 9046–9058 (2003). (PMID: 145342386740819) ; Zhu, P.-P. et al. Transverse endoplasmic reticulum expansion in hereditary spastic paraplegia corticospinal axons. Hum. Mol. Genet. 31, 2779–2795 (2022). (PMID: 353486689402237) ; Dashiell, S. M., Tanner, S. L., Pant, H. C. & Quarles, R. H. Myelin-associated glycoprotein modulates expression and phosphorylation of neuronal cytoskeletal elements and their associated kinases. J. Neurochem. 81, 1263–1272 (2002). (PMID: 12068074) ; Petzold, A. et al. In vivo monitoring of neuronal loss in traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study. Brain 134, 464–483 (2011). (PMID: 212784083030768) ; Altmann, P. et al. Seven day pre-analytical stability of serum and plasma neurofilament light chain. Sci. Rep. 11, 11034 (2021). (PMID: 340401188154890) ; Brureau, A. et al. NF-L in cerebrospinal fluid and serum is a biomarker of neuronal damage in an inducible mouse model of neurodegeneration. Neurobiol. Dis. 104, 73–84 (2017). (PMID: 28392472) ; Geisler, N. & Weber, K. Comparison of the proteins of two immunologically distinct intermediate-sized filaments by amino acid sequence analysis: desmin and vimentin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 78, 4120–4123 (1981). (PMID: 6945574319739) ; Budelier, M. M. et al. A map of neurofilament light chain species in brain and cerebrospinal fluid and alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Commun. 4, fcac045 (2022). (PMID: 354156078994116) ; Woltsche, N. et al. Neurofilament light chain: a new marker for neuronal decay in the anterior chamber fluid of patients with glaucoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 107, 1432–1437 (2022). (PMID: 35750478) ; Plog, B. A. et al. Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system. J. Neurosci. 35, 518–526 (2015). (PMID: 255897474293408) ; Engel, S. et al. Elevated neurofilament light chain CSF/serum ratio indicates impaired CSF outflow in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Fluids Barriers CNS 20, 3 (2023). (PMID: 366318309832777) ; Hier, D. B. et al. Blood biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury: a selective review of unresolved issues. Biomark. Res. 9, 70 (2021). (PMID: 345309378447604) ; Azizi, S. et al. A kinetic model for blood biomarker levels after mild traumatic brain injury. Front. Neurol. 12, 668606 (2021). (PMID: 342953008289906) ; Thelin, E. P. et al. Serial sampling of serum protein biomarkers for monitoring human traumatic brain injury dynamics: a systematic review. Front. Neurol. 8, 300 (2017). (PMID: 287173515494601) ; Karlsson, M. et al. A single-cell type transcriptomics map of human tissues. Sci. Adv. 7, eabh2169 (2021). (PMID: 343211998318366) ; Keddie, S. et al. Peripherin is a biomarker of axonal damage in peripheral nervous system disease. Brain 146, 4562–4573 (2023). (PMID: 3743593310629771) ; Yuan, A. et al. Peripherin is a subunit of peripheral nerve neurofilaments: implications for differential vulnerability of CNS and peripheral nervous system axons. J. Neurosci. 32, 8501–8508 (2012). (PMID: 227236903405552) ; Petzold, A., Keir, G., Green, A. J. E., Giovannoni, G. & Thompson, E. J. A specific ELISA for measuring neurofilament heavy chain phosphoforms. J. Immunol. Methods 278, 179–190 (2003). (PMID: 12957406) ; Gaiottino, J. et al. Increased neurofilament light chain blood levels in neurodegenerative neurological diseases. PLoS ONE 8, e75091 (2013). (PMID: 240732373779219) ; Rissin, D. M. & Walt, D. R. Digital concentration readout of single enzyme molecules using femtoliter arrays and Poisson statistics. Nano Lett. 6, 520–523 (2006). (PMID: 16522055) ; Wilson, D. H. et al. The simoa HD-1 analyzer: a novel fully automated digital immunoassay analyzer with single-molecule sensitivity and multiplexing. J. Lab. Autom. 21, 533–547 (2016). (PMID: 26077162) ; Rissin, D. M. et al. Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 595–599 (2010). (PMID: 204955502919230) ; Petzold, A. et al. Neurofilament ELISA validation. J. Immunol. Methods 352, 23–31 (2010). (PMID: 19857497) ; Kuhle, J. et al. Comparison of three analytical platforms for quantification of the neurofilament light chain in blood samples: ELISA, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and Simoa. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 54, 1655–1661 (2016). (PMID: 27071153) ; Brousse, M. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain cut-off definition for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol. 30, 1919–1927 (2023). (PMID: 37029777) ; Lee, S. et al. Development of a highly sensitive neurofilament light chain assay on an automated immunoassay platform. Front. Neurol. 13, 935382 (2022). (PMID: 359594009359312) ; Yuan, A. & Nixon, R. A. Neurofilament proteins as biomarkers to monitor neurological diseases and the efficacy of therapies. Front. Neurosci. 15, 689938 (2021). (PMID: 346461148503617) ; Harp, C. et al. Development of an age-adjusted model for blood neurofilament light chain. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 9, 444–453 (2022). (PMID: 352299978994974) ; Khalil, M. et al. Serum neurofilament light levels in normal aging and their association with morphologic brain changes. Nat. Commun. 11, 812 (2020). (PMID: 320419517010701) ; Yilmaz, A. et al. Neurofilament light chain protein as a marker of neuronal injury: review of its use in HIV-1 infection and reference values for HIV-negative controls. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 17, 761–770 (2017). (PMID: 28598205) ; Bridel, C. et al. Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light protein in neurology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 76, 1035–1048 (2019). (PMID: 312061606580449) ; Idland, A.-V. et al. CSF neurofilament light levels predict hippocampal atrophy in cognitively healthy older adults. Neurobiol. Aging 49, 138–144 (2017). (PMID: 27794264) ; Reiber, H. Flow rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — a concept common to normal blood-CSF barrier function and to dysfunction in neurological diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 122, 189–203 (1994). (PMID: 8021703) ; Mattsson, N., Andreasson, U., Zetterberg, H. & Blennow, K., Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.Association of plasma neurofilament light with neurodegeneration in patients with Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 74, 557–566 (2017). (PMID: 283465785822204) ; Manouchehrinia, A. et al. Confounding effect of blood volume and body mass index on blood neurofilament light chain levels. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 7, 139–143 (2020). (PMID: 318935636952306) ; Simrén, J. et al. Establishment of reference values for plasma neurofilament light based on healthy individuals aged 5–90 years. Brain Commun. 4, fcac174 (2022). (PMID: 358653509297091) ; Tang, R. et al. Association of neurofilament light chain with renal function: mechanisms and clinical implications. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 14, 189 (2022). (PMID: 365271309756450) ; Akamine, S. et al. Renal function is associated with blood neurofilament light chain level in older adults. Sci. Rep. 10, 20350 (2020). (PMID: 332302117683708) ; Kosa, P. et al. Enhancing the clinical value of serum neurofilament light chain measurement. JCI Insight 7, e161415 (2022). (PMID: 357374609462467) ; Simonsen, A. H. et al. Neurofilament light chain levels in serum among a large mixed memory clinic cohort: confounders and diagnostic usefulness. Alzheimers Dement. 15, e12512 (2023). ; Sjölin, K. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in patients with atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 11, e025910 (2022). (PMID: 358618149707825) ; Polymeris, A. A. et al. Serum neurofilament light in atrial fibrillation: clinical, neuroimaging and cognitive correlates. Brain Commun. 2, fcaa166 (2020). (PMID: 333817557753055) ; Li, Y. et al. Neurofilament light chain is a promising biomarker in alcohol dependence. Front. Psychiatry 12, 754969 (2021). (PMID: 348675428637455) ; Sareban, M. et al. Serum neurofilament level increases after ascent to 4559 m but is not related to acute mountain sickness. Eur. J. Neurol. 28, 1004–1008 (2021). (PMID: 33095952) ; Sönksen, S.-E. et al. Brain structure and neurocognitive function in two professional mountaineers during 35 days of severe normobaric hypoxia. Eur. J. Neurol. 29, 3112–3116 (2022). (PMID: 35726171) ; Isung, J. et al. Differential effects on blood and cerebrospinal fluid immune protein markers and kynurenine pathway metabolites from aerobic physical exercise in healthy subjects. Sci. Rep. 11, 1669 (2021). (PMID: 334623067814004) ; Joisten, N. et al. Exercise diminishes plasma neurofilament light chain and reroutes the kynurenine pathway in multiple sclerosis. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 8, e982 (2021). (PMID: 337821908054957) ; Bazarian, J. J. et al. Effects of physical exertion on early changes in blood-based brain biomarkers: implications for the acute point of care diagnosis of concussion. J. Neurotrauma 40, 693–705 (2023). (PMID: 3620062810061333) ; Kuhle, J. et al. Sustained reduction of serum neurofilament light chain over 7 years by alemtuzumab in early relapsing-remitting MS. Mult. Scler. 28, 573–582 (2022). (PMID: 34378446) ; Sormani, M. P. et al. Blood neurofilament light as a potential endpoint in phase 2 studies in MS. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 6, 1081–1089 (2019). (PMID: 312111726562031) ; Leppert, D. et al. Blood neurofilament light in progressive multiple sclerosis: post hoc analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials. Neurology 98, e2120–e2131 (2022). (PMID: 3537976210263182) ; Vermunt, L. et al. Age‐ and disease‐specific reference values for neurofilament light presented in an online interactive support interface. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 9, 1832–1837 (2022). (PMID: 361969799639622) ; Bornhorst, J. A. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) reference interval determination in an age-stratified cognitively unimpaired cohort. Clin. Chim. Acta 535, 153–156 (2022). (PMID: 36041549) ; Borghi, E. et al. Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: selection of methods for attained growth curves. Stat. Med. 25, 247–265 (2006). (PMID: 16143968) ; Abdelhak, A. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain reference database for individual application in paediatric care: a retrospective modelling and validation study. Lancet Neurol. 22, 826–833 (2023). (PMID: 37524100) ; Wilson, D. et al. Development and multi-center validation of a fully automated digital immunoassay for neurofilament light chain: toward a clinical blood test for neuronal injury. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 62, 322–331 (2023). (PMID: 37702323) ; Janiaud, P. et al. Personalized treatment decision algorithms for the clinical implementation of serum neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis: a modified Delphi study. Mult. Scler. J. 29, 650–1044 (2023). ; Lycke, J. N., Karlsson, J. E., Andersen, O. & Rosengren, L. E. Neurofilament protein in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker of activity in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 64, 402–404 (1998). (PMID: 95271612170011) ; Rosengren, L. E., Karlsson, J. E., Karlsson, J. O., Persson, L. I. & Wikkelsø, C. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases have increased levels of neurofilament protein in CSF. J. Neurochem. 67, 2013–2018 (1996). (PMID: 8863508) ; Delcoigne, B. et al. Blood neurofilament light levels segregate treatment effects in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 94, e1201–e1212 (2020). (PMID: 320470707387108) ; Kuhle, J. et al. Blood neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of MS disease activity and treatment response. Neurology 92, e1007–e1015 (2019). (PMID: 307373336442011) ; Bittner, S. et al. Clinical implications of serum neurofilament in newly diagnosed MS patients: a longitudinal multicentre cohort study. EBioMedicine 56, 102807 (2020). (PMID: 324601677251380) ; Piehl, F. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain levels in patients with MS switching from injectable therapies to fingolimod. Mult. Scler. 24, 1046–1054 (2018). (PMID: 28627962) ; Ziemssen, T. et al. Prognostic value of serum neurofilament light chain for disease activity and worsening in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: results from the phase 3 ASCLEPIOS I and II trials. Front. Immunol. 13, 852563 (2022). (PMID: 354323829009385) ; Bar-Or, A. et al. Blood neurofilament light levels predict non-relapsing progression following anti-CD20 therapy in relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: findings from the ocrelizumab randomised, double-blind phase 3 clinical trials. EBioMedicine 93, 104662 (2023). (PMID: 3735460010320523) ; Kapoor, R. et al. Natalizumab reduces serum concentrations of neurofilament light chain in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients from the phase 3 ASCEND study (S12.008). Neurology 92, https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.S12.008 (2019). ; Kuhle, J. et al. Serum neurofilament is associated with progression of brain atrophy and disability in early MS. Neurology 88, 826–831 (2017). (PMID: 281486325331872) ; Røsjø, E. et al. Natural variation of vitamin D and neurofilament light chain in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Front. Neurol. 11, 329 (2020). (PMID: 324258777205013) ; Smolders, J. et al. Vitamin D 3 supplementation and neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 141, 77–80 (2020). (PMID: 31657006) ; Bridel, C. et al. Serum neurofilament light association with progression in natalizumab-treated patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 97, e1898–e1905 (2021). (PMID: 34504023) ; Barro, C. et al. Serum neurofilament as a predictor of disease worsening and brain and spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Brain 141, 2382–2391 (2018). (PMID: 29860296) ; Chitnis, T. et al. Neurofilament light chain serum levels correlate with 10-year MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 5, 1478–1491 (2018). (PMID: 305646156292183) ; Cantó, E. et al. Association between serum neurofilament light chain levels and long-term disease course among patients with multiple sclerosis followed up for 12 years. JAMA Neurol. 76, 1359 (2019). (PMID: 314036616692664) ; Thebault, S. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain predicts long term clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Sci. Rep. 10, 10381 (2020). (PMID: 325873207316736) ; Thebault, S. et al. High serum neurofilament light chain normalizes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MS. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 6, e598 (2019). (PMID: 315169136715458) ; Buchmann, A. et al. High serum neurofilament light chain levels correlate with brain atrophy and physical disability in multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol. 30, 1389–1399 (2023). (PMID: 36779855) ; Lie, I. A. et al. Serum neurofilament as a predictor of 10-year grey matter atrophy and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 93, 849–857 (2022). (PMID: 35649699) ; Maggi, P. et al. Chronic white matter inflammation and serum neurofilament levels in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 97, e543–e553 (2021). (PMID: 340888758424501) ; Abdelhak, A. et al. Neurofilament light chain elevation and disability progression in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 80, 1317–1325 (2023). (PMID: 37930670) ; Meier, S. et al. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein compared with neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for disease progression in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 80, 287–297 (2023). (PMID: 3674544610011932) ; Voigt, I., Inojosa, H., Wenk, J., Akgün, K. & Ziemssen, T. Building a monitoring matrix for the management of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun. Rev. 22, 103358 (2023). (PMID: 37178996) ; Miyazawa, I. et al. High CSF neurofilament heavy chain levels in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 68, 865–867 (2007). (PMID: 17353477) ; Mariotto, S. et al. Neurofilament light chain serum levels reflect disease severity in MOG-Ab associated disorders. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 90, 1293–1296 (2019). (PMID: 30952681) ; Mariotto, S. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in NMOSD and related disorders: comparison according to aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies status. Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin. 3, 205521731774309 (2017). ; Watanabe, M. et al. Serum GFAP and neurofilament light as biomarkers of disease activity and disability in NMOSD. Neurology 93, e1299–e1311 (2019). (PMID: 31471502) ; Chang, X. et al. Serum neurofilament light and GFAP are associated with disease severity in inflammatory disorders with aquaporin-4 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies. Front. Immunol. 12, 647618 (2021). (PMID: 337961138008082) ; Kim, H. et al. Longitudinal follow-up of serum biomarkers in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult. Scler. 28, 512–521 (2022). (PMID: 34212756) ; Kim, H. et al. Serum biomarkers in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 7, e708 (2020). (PMID: 321843427136043) ; Lista, S. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CSF neurofilament light chain protein in the biomarker-guided classification system for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem. Int. 108, 355–360 (2017). (PMID: 28527630) ; Mattsson, N., Cullen, N. C., Andreasson, U., Zetterberg, H. & Blennow, K. Association between longitudinal plasma neurofilament light and neurodegeneration in patients with Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 76, 791–799 (2019). (PMID: 310090286583067) ; Ashton, N. J. et al. A multicentre validation study of the diagnostic value of plasma neurofilament light. Nat. Commun. 12, 3400 (2021). (PMID: 340996488185001) ; Dhiman, K. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light concentration predicts brain atrophy and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 12, e12005 (2020). ; Verberk, I. M. W. et al. Combination of plasma amyloid beta (1-42/1-40) and glial fibrillary acidic protein strongly associates with cerebral amyloid pathology. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 12, 118 (2020). (PMID: 329884097523295) ; Moore, E. E. et al. Neurofilament relates to white matter microstructure in older adults. Neurobiol. Aging 70, 233–241 (2018). (PMID: 300367596119102) ; Meeker, K. L. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain is a marker of aging and white matter damage. Neurobiol. Dis. 166, 105662 (2022). (PMID: 351679339112943) ; Gaetani, L. et al. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neurological disorders. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 90, 870–881 (2019). (PMID: 30967444) ; Benussi, A. et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum NfL and p-Tau 181 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 91, 960–967 (2020). (PMID: 32611664) ; Steinacker, P. et al. Neurofilaments in blood and CSF for diagnosis and prediction of onset in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Sci. Rep. 6, 38737 (2016). (PMID: 279291205144074) ; Abu-Rumeileh, S. et al. The CSF neurofilament light signature in rapidly progressive neurodegenerative dementias. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 10, 3 (2018). (PMID: 293686215784714) ; Preische, O. et al. Serum neurofilament dynamics predicts neurodegeneration and clinical progression in presymptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Med. 25, 277–283 (2019). (PMID: 306647846367005) ; Lleó, A. et al. Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid biomarker trajectories along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in the BIOMARKAPD study. Alzheimers Dement. 15, 742–753 (2019). (PMID: 30967340) ; Zetterberg, H. et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light concentration with Alzheimer disease progression. JAMA Neurol. 73, 60–67 (2016). (PMID: 265241805624219) ; Fortea, J. et al. Plasma and CSF biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 17, 860–869 (2018). (PMID: 30172624) ; Aamodt, W. W. et al. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Mov. Disord. 36, 2945–2950 (2021). (PMID: 344803638688198) ; Bäckström, D. C. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid patterns and the risk of future dementia in early, incident Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 72, 1175–1182 (2015). (PMID: 26258692) ; Hansson, O. et al. Blood-based NfL: a biomarker for differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorder. Neurology 88, 930–937 (2017). (PMID: 281794665333515) ; Koga, S., Sekiya, H., Kondru, N., Ross, O. A. & Dickson, D. W. Neuropathology and molecular diagnosis of synucleinopathies. Mol. Neurodegener. 16, 83 (2021). (PMID: 349225838684287) ; Thijssen, E. H. et al. Differential diagnostic performance of a panel of plasma biomarkers for different types of dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 14, e12285 (2022). ; Baiardi, S. et al. Diagnostic value of plasma p-tau181, NfL, and GFAP in a clinical setting cohort of prevalent neurodegenerative dementias. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 14, 153 (2022). (PMID: 362210999555092) ; The Lund and Manchester Groups. Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. The Lund and Manchester Groups. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 57, 416–418 (1994). ; Grossman, M. et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 9, 40 (2023). (PMID: 37563165) ; Forgrave, L. M., Ma, M., Best, J. R. & DeMarco, M. L. The diagnostic performance of neurofilament light chain in CSF and blood for Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 11, 730–743 (2019). ; Davy, V., Dumurgier, J., Fayosse, A., Paquet, C. & Cognat, E. Neurofilaments as emerging biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage to differentiate behavioral frontotemporal dementia from primary psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Diagnostics 11, 754 (2021). (PMID: 339223908146697) ; Al Shweiki, M. R. et al. Neurofilament light chain as a blood biomarker to differentiate psychiatric disorders from behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 113, 137–140 (2019). (PMID: 30953863) ; Ducharme, S. et al. Recommendations to distinguish behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric disorders. Brain 143, 1632–1650 (2020). (PMID: 321298447849953) ; Willemse, E. A. J., Scheltens, P., Teunissen, C. E. & Vijverberg, E. G. B. A neurologist’s perspective on serum neurofilament light in the memory clinic: a prospective implementation study. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 13, 101 (2021). (PMID: 340063218132439) ; Gendron, T. F. et al. Comprehensive cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of plasma neurofilament light across FTD spectrum disorders. Cell Rep. Med. 3, 100607 (2022). (PMID: 354922449044101) ; Staffaroni, A. M. et al. Temporal order of clinical and biomarker changes in familial frontotemporal dementia. Nat. Med. 28, 2194–2206 (2022). (PMID: 361381539951811) ; Giannini, L. A. A. et al. Clinical value of longitudinal serum neurofilament light chain in prodromal genetic frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 101, e1069–e1082 (2023). (PMID: 3749132710491440) ; Brettschneider, J., Petzold, A., Süssmuth, S. D., Ludolph, A. C. & Tumani, H. Axonal damage markers in cerebrospinal fluid are increased in ALS. Neurology 66, 852–856 (2006). (PMID: 16567701) ; Zetterberg, H., Jacobsson, J., Rosengren, L., Blennow, K. & Andersen, P. M. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: impact of SOD1 genotype. Eur. J. Neurol. 14, 1329–1333 (2007). (PMID: 17903209) ; Lu, C.-H. et al. Neurofilament light chain: a prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 84, 2247–2257 (2015). (PMID: 259348554456658) ; Menke, R. A. L. et al. CSF neurofilament light chain reflects corticospinal tract degeneration in ALS. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 2, 748–755 (2015). (PMID: 262736874531057) ; Steinacker, P. et al. Neurofilaments in the diagnosis of motoneuron diseases: a prospective study on 455 patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 87, 12–20 (2016). (PMID: 26296871) ; Steinacker, P. et al. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of neurofilament light chain NF-L, but not progranulin and S100B, in the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: data from the German MND-net. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener. 18, 112–119 (2017). (PMID: 27819158) ; De Schaepdryver, M. et al. Comparison of elevated phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chains in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 89, 367–373 (2018). (PMID: 29054919) ; Schreiber, S. et al. Significance of CSF NfL and tau in ALS. J. Neurol. 265, 2633–2645 (2018). (PMID: 30187162) ; Abu-Rumeileh, S. et al. Diagnostic-prognostic value and electrophysiological correlates of CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. 267, 1699–1708 (2020). (PMID: 32100123) ; Halbgebauer, S. et al. Comparison of CSF and serum neurofilament light and heavy chain as differential diagnostic biomarkers for ALS. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 93, 68–74 (2022). (PMID: 34417339) ; Verde, F. et al. Neurofilament light chain in serum for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 90, 157–164 (2019). (PMID: 30309882) ; Meyer, T. et al. Performance of serum neurofilament light chain in a wide spectrum of clinical courses of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-a cross-sectional multicenter study. Eur. J. Neurol. 30, 1600–1610 (2023). (PMID: 36899448) ; Abu-Rumeileh, S. et al. Comparison between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the early diagnosis and association with survival in prion disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 91, 1181–1188 (2020). (PMID: 32928934) ; Halbgebauer, S. et al. Blood β-synuclein and neurofilament light chain during the course of prion disease. Neurology 98, e1434–e1445 (2022). (PMID: 35110380) ; Gille, B. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain levels as a marker of upper motor neuron degeneration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 45, 291–304 (2019). (PMID: 29908069) ; Poesen, K. et al. Neurofilament markers for ALS correlate with extent of upper and lower motor neuron disease. Neurology 88, 2302–2309 (2017). (PMID: 28500227) ; Oeckl, P. et al. Proteomics in cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord suggests UCHL1, MAP2 and GPNMB as biomarkers and underpins importance of transcriptional pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol. 139, 119–134 (2020). (PMID: 31701227) ; Benatar, M., Wuu, J., Andersen, P. M., Lombardi, V. & Malaspina, A. Neurofilament light: a candidate biomarker of presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and phenoconversion. Ann. Neurol. 84, 130–139 (2018). (PMID: 30014505) ; Benatar, M. et al. Validation of serum neurofilaments as prognostic and potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers for ALS. Neurology 95, e59–e69 (2020). (PMID: 323851887371380) ; Thompson, A. G. et al. Multicentre appraisal of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biofluid biomarkers shows primacy of blood neurofilament light chain. Brain Commun. 4, fcac029 (2022). (PMID: 352244918870425) ; Feneberg, E. et al. Multicenter evaluation of neurofilaments in early symptom onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 90, e22–e30 (2018). (PMID: 29212830) ; De Schaepdryver, M. et al. Serum neurofilament heavy chains as early marker of motor neuron degeneration. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 6, 1971–1979 (2019). (PMID: 315180736801162) ; Bjornevik, K. et al. Prediagnostic neurofilament light chain levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 97, e1466–e1474 (2021). (PMID: 343807478575132) ; Benatar, M. et al. Neurofilaments in pre-symptomatic ALS and the impact of genotype. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener. 20, 538–548 (2019). (PMID: 314326916768722) ; Weydt, P. et al. Neurofilament levels as biomarkers in asymptomatic and symptomatic familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 79, 152–158 (2016). (PMID: 26528863) ; Goutman, S. A. et al. Recent advances in the diagnosis and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 21, 480–493 (2022). (PMID: 353342339513753) ; Boylan, K. B. et al. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit (pNF-H) in peripheral blood and CSF as a potential prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 84, 467–472 (2013). (PMID: 23117489) ; Gendron, T. F. et al. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain: a biomarker of survival for C9ORF72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 82, 139–146 (2017). (PMID: 286282445676468) ; Su, W.-M. et al. Predictors of survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a large meta-analysis. EBioMedicine 74, 103732 (2021). (PMID: 348643638646173) ; Devos, D. et al. A ferroptosis-based panel of prognostic biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci. Rep. 9, 2918 (2019). (PMID: 308146476393674) ; Shefner, J. M. et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical trials and interpretation of functional end points and fluid biomarkers: a review. JAMA Neurol. 79, 1312–1318 (2022). (PMID: 36251310) ; Witzel, S. et al. Neurofilament light and heterogeneity of disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: development and validation of a prediction model to improve interventional trials. Transl. Neurodegener. 10, 31 (2021). (PMID: 344334818390195) ; Miller, T. et al. Phase 1-2 trial of antisense oligonucleotide tofersen for SOD1 ALS. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 109–119 (2020). (PMID: 32640130) ; Meyer, T. et al. Neurofilament light-chain response during therapy with antisense oligonucleotide tofersen in SOD1-related ALS: treatment experience in clinical practice. Muscle Nerve 67, 515–521 (2023). (PMID: 36928619) ; Benatar, M. et al. Design of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial of tofersen initiated in clinically presymptomatic SOD1 variant carriers: the ATLAS study. Neurotherapeutics 19, 1248–1258 (2022). (PMID: 355853749587202) ; Esselin, F. et al. Repeated neurofilament light chain measurements did not capture riluzole therapeutic effect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 28, 1532–1538 (2022). (PMID: 357516329437233) ; Shefner, J. M. et al. A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS. Clin. Neurophysiol. 131, 1975–1978 (2020). (PMID: 32387049) ; The German Neurological Society (DGN). Guidelines motoneuron diseases. dgn.org, https://dgn.org/leitlinie/motoneuronerkrankungen [in German] (2021). ; Gattringer, T. et al. Serum neurofilament light is sensitive to active cerebral small vessel disease. Neurology 89, 2108–2114 (2017). (PMID: 290463635711505) ; Tiedt, S. et al. Serum neurofilament light: a biomarker of neuroaxonal injury after ischemic stroke. Neurology 91, e1338–e1347 (2018). (PMID: 30217937) ; Pedersen, A. et al. Circulating neurofilament light in ischemic stroke: temporal profile and outcome prediction. J. Neurol. 266, 2796–2806 (2019). (PMID: 313759886803587) ; Gendron, T. F. et al. Plasma neurofilament light predicts mortality in patients with stroke. Sci. Transl. Med. 12, eaay1913 (2020). (PMID: 331771799534269) ; Sanchez, J. D. et al. Temporal patterning of neurofilament light as a blood-based biomarker for stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Neurol. 13, 841898 (2022). (PMID: 356513499149427) ; De Marchis, G. M. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in patients with acute cerebrovascular events. Eur. J. Neurol. 25, 562–568 (2018). (PMID: 29281157) ; Onatsu, J. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain concentration correlates with infarct volume but not prognosis in acute ischemic stroke. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 28, 2242–2249 (2019). (PMID: 31151840) ; Traenka, C. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain levels are associated with clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with cervical artery dissection. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 40, 222–227 (2015). (PMID: 26418549) ; Pujol-Calderón, F. et al. Neurofilament changes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after acute ischemic stroke. Neurosci. Lett. 698, 58–63 (2019). (PMID: 30599262) ; Uphaus, T. et al. NfL (neurofilament light chain) levels as a predictive marker for long-term outcome after ischemic stroke. Stroke 50, 3077–3084 (2019). (PMID: 31537188) ; Wang, P., Fan, J., Yuan, L., Nan, Y. & Nan, S. Serum neurofilament light predicts severity and prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. Neurotox. Res. 37, 987–995 (2020). (PMID: 31898161) ; Rahmig, J. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain levels are associated with stroke severity and functional outcome in patients undergoing endovascular therapy for large vessel occlusion. J. Neurol. Sci. 429, 118063 (2021). (PMID: 34488043) ; Jacob, M. A. et al. Increased neurofilament light chain is associated with increased risk of long-term mortality in cerebral small vessel disease. J. Stroke 24, 296–299 (2022). (PMID: 356779859194543) ; Duering, M. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain levels are related to small vessel disease burden. J. Stroke 20, 228–238 (2018). (PMID: 298867236007291) ; Peters, N. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain is associated with incident lacunes in progressive cerebral small vessel disease. J. Stroke 22, 369–376 (2020). (PMID: 330539527568975) ; Peters, N. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in cerebral small-vessel disease. Mol. Diagn. Ther. 26, 1–6 (2022). (PMID: 34825310) ; Gravesteijn, G. et al. Serum neurofilament light correlates with CADASIL disease severity and survival. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 6, 46–56 (2019). (PMID: 30656183) ; Chen, C.-H., Cheng, Y.-W., Chen, Y.-F., Tang, S.-C. & Jeng, J.-S. Plasma neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein predict stroke in CADASIL. J. Neuroinflammation 17, 124 (2020). (PMID: 323215297175500) ; Zhang, X., Wang, H., Li, L., Deng, X. & Bo, L. Neurofilament light chain: a candidate biomarker of perioperative stroke. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14, 921809 (2022). (PMID: 358757919300966) ; Taylor, J. et al. Perioperative ischaemic brain injury and plasma neurofilament light: a secondary analysis of two prospective cohort studies. Br. J. Anaesth. 130, e361–e369 (2023). (PMID: 36437124) ; Pinter, D. et al. Longitudinal MRI dynamics of recent small subcortical infarcts and possible predictors. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 39, 1669–1677 (2019). (PMID: 29737904) ; Egle, M. et al. Neurofilament light chain predicts future dementia risk in cerebral small vessel disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 92, 582–589 (2021). (PMID: 33558370) ; Heshmatollah, A. et al. Plasma β-amyloid, total-tau, and neurofilament light chain levels and the risk of stroke: a prospective population-based study. Neurology 98, e1729–e1737 (2022). (PMID: 35232820) ; Korley, F. K. et al. Serum NfL (neurofilament light chain) levels and incident stroke in adults with diabetes mellitus. Stroke 50, 1669–1675 (2019). (PMID: 311380856591022) ; Polymeris, A. A. et al. Renal function and body mass index contribute to serum neurofilament light chain levels in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Front. Neurosci. 16, 819010 (2022). (PMID: 354950259047720) ; Lota, K. S. et al. Rotational head acceleration and traumatic brain injury in combat sports: a systematic review. Br. Med. Bull. 141, 33–46 (2022). (PMID: 351071349351374) ; Bergman, J. et al. Neurofilament light in CSF and serum is a sensitive marker for axonal white matter injury in MS. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 3, e271 (2016). (PMID: 275367084972001) ; Shahim, P. et al. Serum neurofilament light protein predicts clinical outcome in traumatic brain injury. Sci. Rep. 6, 36791 (2016). (PMID: 278192965098187) ; Gill, J. et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein elevations relate to neuroimaging abnormalities after mild TBI. Neurology 91, e1385–e1389 (2018). (PMID: 302092346177279) ; Iverson, G. L. et al. Serum neurofilament light is elevated differentially in older adults with uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injuries. J. Neurotrauma 36, 2400–2406 (2019). (PMID: 30843469) ; Hossain, I. et al. Early levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light protein in predicting the outcome of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 36, 1551–1560 (2019). (PMID: 30489229) ; Shahim, P. et al. Neurofilament light as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury. Neurology 95, e610–e622 (2020). (PMID: 326415387455357) ; Shahim, P., Tegner, Y., Marklund, N., Blennow, K. & Zetterberg, H. Neurofilament light and tau as blood biomarkers for sports-related concussion. Neurology 90, e1780–e1788 (2018). (PMID: 296539905957307) ; Shahim, P., Zetterberg, H., Tegner, Y. & Blennow, K. Serum neurofilament light as a biomarker for mild traumatic brain injury in contact sports. Neurology 88, 1788–1794 (2017). (PMID: 284048015419986) ; Farragher, C. D., Ku, Y. & Powers, J. E. The potential role of neurofilament light in mild traumatic brain injury diagnosis: a systematic review. Cureus 14, e31301 (2022). (PMID: 365145999733779) ; Thelin, E. et al. A serum protein biomarker panel improves outcome prediction in human traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 36, 2850–2862 (2019). (PMID: 310722256761606) ; Barro, C., Chitnis, T. & Weiner, H. L. Blood neurofilament light: a critical review of its application to neurologic disease. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 7, 2508–2523 (2020). (PMID: 331469547732243) ; Rosén, H., Karlsson, J.-E. & Rosengren, L. CSF levels of neurofilament is a valuable predictor of long-term outcome after cardiac arrest. J. Neurological Sci. 221, 19–24 (2004). ; Rana, O. R. et al. Neurofilament light chain as an early and sensitive predictor of long-term neurological outcome in patients after cardiac arrest. Int. J. Cardiol. 168, 1322–1327 (2013). (PMID: 23287695) ; Rosén, C. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in cardiac arrest survivors. Resuscitation 85, 227–232 (2014). (PMID: 24231570) ; Rundgren, M., Friberg, H., Cronberg, T., Romner, B. & Petzold, A. Serial soluble neurofilament heavy chain in plasma as a marker of brain injury after cardiac arrest. Crit. Care 16, R45 (2012). (PMID: 224103033681370) ; Abu-Rumeileh, S. et al. The multifaceted role of neurofilament light chain protein in non-primary neurological diseases. Brain 146, 421–427 (2022). ; Moseby-Knappe, M. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain for prognosis of outcome after cardiac arrest. JAMA Neurol. 76, 64 (2019). (PMID: 30383090) ; Disanto, G. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain as a prognostic marker in postanoxic encephalopathy. Epilepsy Behav. 101, 106432 (2019). (PMID: 31375414) ; Fisse, A. L. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain as outcome marker for intensive care unit patients. J. Neurol. 268, 1323–1329 (2021). (PMID: 33098034) ; Wihersaari, L. et al. Neurofilament light as an outcome predictor after cardiac arrest: a post hoc analysis of the COMACARE trial. Intensive Care Med. 47, 39–48 (2021). (PMID: 32852582) ; Wihersaari, L. et al. Neurofilament light compared to neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of unfavourable outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 174, 1–8 (2022). (PMID: 35245610) ; Hunziker, S. et al. Serum neurofilament measurement improves clinical risk scores for outcome prediction after cardiac arrest: results of a prospective study. Crit. Care 25, 32 (2021). (PMID: 334726897819224) ; Andersson, P. et al. Predicting neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with cumulative information; development and internal validation of an artificial neural network algorithm. Crit. Care 25, 83 (2021). (PMID: 336322807905905) ; Blennow Nordström, E. et al. Serum neurofilament light levels are correlated to long-term neurocognitive outcome measures after cardiac arrest. Brain Inj. 36, 800–809 (2022). (PMID: 35253570) ; Pouplet, C. et al. The accuracy of various neuro-prognostication algorithms and the added value of neurofilament light chain dosage for patients resuscitated from shockable cardiac arrest: an ancillary analysis of the ISOCRATE study. Resuscitation 171, 1–7 (2022). (PMID: 34915084) ; Levin, H. et al. Plasma neurofilament light is a predictor of neurological outcome 12 h after cardiac arrest. Crit. Care 27, 74 (2023). (PMID: 368292399960417) ; Adler, C. et al. Absolute serum neurofilament light chain levels and its early kinetics predict brain injury after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J. Neurol. 269, 1530–1537 (2022). (PMID: 34328545) ; Kirschen, M. P. et al. Circulating neurofilament light chain is associated with survival after pediatric cardiac arrest*. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 21, 656–661 (2020). (PMID: 322248289148182) ; Fink, E. L. et al. Association of blood-based brain injury biomarker concentrations with outcomes after pediatric cardiac arrest. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2230518 (2022). (PMID: 360744659459665) ; Hoiland, R. L. et al. Neurologic prognostication after cardiac arrest using brain biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 79, 390–398 (2022). (PMID: 352260548886448) ; Fu, Y. et al. Neuroprognostication value of serum neurofilament light chain for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 18, e0290619 (2023). (PMID: 3771339910503738) ; Ashton, N. J. et al. Alzheimer disease blood biomarkers in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA Neurol. 80, 388–396 (2023). (PMID: 368774969989959) ; Wang, S. L., Li, N., Feng, S. Y. & Li, Y. Serum neurofilament light chain as a predictive marker of neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 23, 193 (2023). (PMID: 3706170210105388) ; Nolan, J. P. et al. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med 47, 369–421 (2021). (PMID: 337651897993077) ; Panchal, A. R. et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 142, S366–S468 (2020). (PMID: 33081529) ; Moseby-Knappe, M. et al. Serum markers of brain injury can predict good neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 47, 984–994 (2021). (PMID: 344178318421280) ; Lybeck, A. et al. Postanoxic electrographic status epilepticus and serum biomarkers of brain injury. Resuscitation 158, 253–257 (2021). (PMID: 33127439) ; Grindegård, L. et al. Association between EEG patterns and serum neurofilament light after cardiac arrest: a post hoc analysis of the TTM trial. Neurology 98, e2487–e2498 (2022). (PMID: 354701439231840) ; Lagebrant, A. et al. Brain injury markers in blood predict signs of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy on head computed tomography after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 184, 109668 (2023). (PMID: 36563954) ; Tolosa, E., Garrido, A., Scholz, S. W. & Poewe, W. Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 20, 385–397 (2021). (PMID: 338941938185633) ; Siderowf, A. et al. Assessment of heterogeneity among participants in the Parkinson’s progression markers initiative cohort using α-synuclein seed amplification: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 22, 407–417 (2023). (PMID: 3705950910627170) ; Quadalti, C. et al. Neurofilament light chain and α-synuclein RT-QuIC as differential diagnostic biomarkers in parkinsonisms and related syndromes. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 7, 93 (2021). (PMID: 346356748505434) ; Holmberg, B., Rosengren, L., Karlsson, J. E. & Johnels, B. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurofilament protein in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple-system atrophy compared with Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 13, 70–77 (1998). (PMID: 9452329) ; Brettschneider, J. et al. Neurofilament heavy-chain NfH(SMI35) in cerebrospinal fluid supports the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes. Mov. Disord. 21, 2224–2227 (2006). (PMID: 17013909) ; Hall, S. et al. Accuracy of a panel of 5 cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of patients with dementia and/or parkinsonian disorders. Arch. Neurol. 69, 1445–1452 (2012). (PMID: 22925882) ; Magdalinou, N. K. et al. A panel of nine cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers may identify patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 86, 1240–1247 (2015). (PMID: 25589779) ; Mollenhauer, B. et al. Validation of serum neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of Parkinson’s disease progression. Mov. Disord. 35, 1999–2008 (2020). (PMID: 327983338017468) ; Marques, T. M. et al. Serum NFL discriminates Parkinson disease from atypical parkinsonisms. Neurology 92, e1479–e1486 (2019). (PMID: 30814322) ; Peng, L. et al. Diagnostic and prognostic performance of plasma neurofilament light chain in multiple system atrophy: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J. Neurol. 270, 4248–4261 (2023). (PMID: 37184660) ; Angelopoulou, E. et al. CSF and circulating NfL as biomarkers for the discrimination of Parkinson disease from atypical parkinsonian syndromes: meta-analysis. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 11, e867–e875 (2021). (PMID: 349929708723936) ; Martinez-Valbuena, I. et al. Combining skin α-synuclein real-time quaking-induced conversion and circulating neurofilament light chain to distinguish multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 37, 648–650 (2022). (PMID: 35019153) ; Bäckström, D. et al. NfL as a biomarker for neurodegeneration and survival in Parkinson disease. Neurology 95, e827–e838 (2020). (PMID: 326809417605503) ; Rojas, J. C. et al. CSF neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated tau 181 predict disease progression in PSP. Neurology 90, e273–e281 (2018). (PMID: 292823365798651) ; Batzu, L. et al. Plasma p-tau181, neurofilament light chain and association with cognition in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 8, 154 (2022). (PMID: 363714699653432) ; Chelban, V. et al. Neurofilament light levels predict clinical progression and death in multiple system atrophy. Brain 145, 4398–4408 (2022). (PMID: 359030179762941) ; Vijiaratnam, N. et al. Combining biomarkers for prognostic modelling of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 93, 707–715 (2022). (PMID: 35577512) ; Ygland Rödström, E., Mattsson-Carlgren, N., Janelidze, S., Hansson, O. & Puschmann, A. Serum neurofilament light chain as a marker of progression in Parkinson’s disease: long-term observation and implications of clinical subtypes. J. Parkinsons Dis. 12, 571–584 (2022). (PMID: 348066198925110) ; Donker Kaat, L. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in progressive supranuclear palsy. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 56, 98–101 (2018). (PMID: 29937097) ; Oosterveld, L. P. et al. CSF biomarkers reflecting protein pathology and axonal degeneration are associated with memory, attentional, and executive functioning in early-stage Parkinson’s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 8519 (2020). (PMID: 331982667697681) ; Barba, L. et al. CSF synaptic biomarkers in AT(N)-based subgroups of Lewy body disease. Neurology 101, e50–e62 (2023). (PMID: 37188538) ; Ye, R. et al. Serum NFL levels predict progression of motor impairment and reduction in putamen dopamine transporter binding ratios in de novo Parkinson’s disease: an 8-year longitudinal study. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 85, 11–16 (2021). (PMID: 336395728714021) ; Yang, D. et al. Neurofilament light chain as a mediator between LRRK2 mutation and dementia in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 9, 132 (2023). (PMID: 3769995710497522) ; Singer, W. et al. Alpha-synuclein oligomers and neurofilament light chain predict phenoconversion of pure autonomic failure. Ann. Neurol. 89, 1212–1220 (2021). (PMID: 338817778168720) ; Park, D. G. et al. Neurofilament light chain and cardiac MIBG uptake as predictors for phenoconversion in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder. J. Neurol. 270, 4393–4402 (2023). (PMID: 37233802) ; Zhang, X. et al. Neurofilament light protein predicts disease progression in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. J. Parkinsons Dis. 13, 485–499 (2023). (PMID: 3718289810357151) ; Byrne, L. M. et al. Neurofilament light protein in blood as a potential biomarker of neurodegeneration in Huntington’s disease: a retrospective cohort analysis. Lancet Neurol. 16, 601–609 (2017). (PMID: 286014735507767) ; Byrne, L. M. et al. Neurofilament light protein as a potential blood biomarker for Huntington’s disease in children. Mov. Disord. 37, 1526–1531 (2022). (PMID: 354377929308659) ; Gregory, S. et al. Characterizing white matter in Huntington’s disease. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. 7, 52–60 (2020). (PMID: 31970212) ; Scahill, R. I. et al. Biological and clinical characteristics of gene carriers far from predicted onset in the Huntington’s disease Young Adult Study (HD-YAS): a cross-sectional analysis. Lancet Neurol. 19, 502–512 (2020). (PMID: 324704227254065) ; Parkin, G. M., Corey-Bloom, J., Snell, C., Castleton, J. & Thomas, E. A. Plasma neurofilament light in Huntington’s disease: a marker for disease onset, but not symptom progression. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 87, 32–38 (2021). (PMID: 339405649083556) ; Parkin, G. M. et al. Associations between prognostic index scores and plasma neurofilament light in Huntington’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 97, 25–28 (2022). (PMID: 352765859127124) ; Byrne, L. M. et al. Evaluation of mutant huntingtin and neurofilament proteins as potential markers in Huntington’s disease. Sci. Transl. Med. 10, eaat7108 (2018). (PMID: 30209243) ; Rodrigues, F. B. et al. Mutant huntingtin and neurofilament light have distinct longitudinal dynamics in Huntington’s disease. Sci. Transl. Med. 12, eabc2888 (2020). (PMID: 333283287611886) ; Feasby, T. E. et al. An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barré polyneuropathy. Brain 109, 1115–1126 (1986). (PMID: 3790970) ; Petzold, A. et al. CSF neurofilament levels: a potential prognostic marker in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology 67, 1071–1073 (2006). (PMID: 17000982) ; Axelsson, M. et al. Neurofilament light protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid predict long-term disability of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a pilot study. Acta Neurol. Scand. 138, 143–150 (2018). (PMID: 29624650) ; Petzold, A. et al. CSF protein biomarkers for proximal axonal damage improve prognostic accuracy in the acute phase of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve 40, 42–49 (2009). (PMID: 19533642) ; Altmann, P. et al. Increased serum neurofilament light chain concentration indicates poor outcome in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J. Neuroinflammation 17, 86 (2020). (PMID: 321838377079539) ; Körtvelyessy, P. et al. Ratio and index of Neurofilament light chain indicate its origin in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 7, 2213–2220 (2020). (PMID: 330308177664266) ; Martín-Aguilar, L. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain predicts long-term prognosis in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323899 (2020). (PMID: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-32389933154183) ; Dujmovic, I., Lunn, M. P., Reilly, M. M. & Petzold, A. Serial cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament heavy chain levels in severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve 48, 132–134 (2013). (PMID: 23716297) ; Jin, M. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain predicts short-term prognosis in pediatric Guillain-Barré syndrome. Front. Neurol. 13, 972367 (2022). (PMID: 360719109441703) ; Sandelius, Å. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain concentration in the inherited peripheral neuropathies. Neurology 90, e518–e524 (2018). (PMID: 293212345818017) ; Bomont, P. et al. The gene encoding gigaxonin, a new member of the cytoskeletal BTB/kelch repeat family, is mutated in giant axonal neuropathy. Nat. Genet. 26, 370–374 (2000). (PMID: 11062483) ; Mariotto, S. et al. Serum and cerebrospinal neurofilament light chain levels in patients with acquired peripheral neuropathies. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 23, 174–177 (2018). (PMID: 29974556) ; van Lieverloo, G. G. A. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 24, 187–194 (2019). (PMID: 30973667) ; Karam, C. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: five new things. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 12, 258–262 (2022). (PMID: 357475399208411) ; Kapoor, M. et al. Association of plasma neurofilament light chain with disease activity in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Eur. J. Neurol. 29, 3347–3357 (2022). (PMID: 358378029796374) ; Kmezic, I. et al. Neurofilament light chain and total tau in the differential diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of acute and chronic inflammatory polyneuropathies. Eur. J. Neurol. 29, 2810–2822 (2022). (PMID: 356383769542418) ; Kim, S.-H. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain levels as a biomarker of neuroaxonal injury and severity of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Sci. Rep. 10, 7995 (2020). (PMID: 324097107224372) ; Huehnchen, P. et al. Neurofilament proteins as a potential biomarker in chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy. JCI Insight 7, e154395 (2022). (PMID: 351339828986065) ; Bischof, A. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain: a biomarker of neuronal injury in vasculitic neuropathy. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 77, 1093–1094 (2018). (PMID: 28743789) ; Rossor, A. M. et al. A longitudinal and cross-sectional study of plasma neurofilament light chain concentration in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 27, 50–57 (2022). (PMID: 34851050) ; Millere, E. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain as a potential biomarker in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Eur. J. Neurol. 28, 974–981 (2021). (PMID: 33340200) ; Rossor, A. M. et al. Plasma neurofilament heavy chain is not a useful biomarker in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Muscle Nerve 53, 972–975 (2016). (PMID: 27015106) ; Kapoor, M. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain concentration is increased and correlates with the severity of neuropathy in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 24, 314–319 (2019). (PMID: 31583784) ; Ticau, S. et al. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis. Neurology 96, e412–e422 (2021). (PMID: 330874947884985) ; Maia, L. F. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain: an early biomarker for hereditary ATTR amyloid polyneuropathy. Amyloid 27, 97–102 (2020). (PMID: 31906707) ; Carroll, A. S. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: validation in real-life practice. Amyloid https://doi.org/10.1080/13506129.2024.2313218 (2024). (PMID: 10.1080/13506129.2024.231321838348665) ; Faravelli, I. et al. Nusinersen treatment and cerebrospinal fluid neurofilaments: an explorative study on spinal muscular atrophy type 3 patients. J. Cell Mol. Med. 24, 3034–3039 (2020). (PMID: 320324737077557) ; Kong, L. et al. Impaired prenatal motor axon development necessitates early therapeutic intervention in severe SMA. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabb6871 (2021). (PMID: 335046508208236) ; Darras, B. T. et al. Neurofilament as a potential biomarker for spinal muscular atrophy. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 6, 932–944 (2019). (PMID: 311396916530526) ; Nitz, E. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in pediatric spinal muscular atrophy patients and healthy children. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 8, 2013–2024 (2021). (PMID: 344826468528467) ; Jin, J. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain in Chinese children with later-onset spinal muscular atrophy. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 60, e237–e239 (2022). (PMID: 35953879) ; Reilly, A. et al. Central and peripheral delivered AAV9-SMN are both efficient but target different pathomechanisms in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. Gene Ther. 29, 544–554 (2022). (PMID: 35462564) ; Ru, Y. et al. Neurofilament light is a treatment-responsive biomarker in CLN2 disease. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 6, 2437–2447 (2019). (PMID: 318143356917340) ; Wurster, C. D. et al. Neurochemical markers in CSF of adolescent and adult SMA patients undergoing nusinersen treatment. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord. 12, 1756286419846058 (2019). (PMID: 312054916535708) ; Finkel, R. S. et al. Scientific rationale for a higher dose of nusinersen. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 9, 819–829 (2022). (PMID: 355673459186144) ; De Wel, B., De Schaepdryver, M., Poesen, K. & Claeys, K. G. Biochemical and clinical biomarkers in adult SMA 3-4 patients treated with nusinersen for 22 months. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 9, 1241–1251 (2022). (PMID: 358332459380134) ; Wilke, C. et al. Neurofilaments in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: blood biomarkers at the preataxic and ataxic stage in humans and mice. EMBO Mol. Med. 12, e11803 (2020). (PMID: 325108477338806) ; Peng, Y. et al. Association of serum neurofilament light and disease severity in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Neurology 95, e2977–e2987 (2020). (PMID: 32817181) ; Peng, L. et al. Blood neurofilament light chain in genetic ataxia: a meta-analysis. Mov. Disord. 37, 171–181 (2022). (PMID: 34519102) ; Oender, D. et al. Evolution of clinical outcome measures and biomarkers in sporadic adult-onset degenerative ataxia. Mov. Disord. 38, 654–664 (2023). (PMID: 36695111) ; Agrawal, N. et al. Neurofilament light chain in cerebrospinal fluid as a novel biomarker in evaluating both clinical severity and therapeutic response in Niemann-Pick disease type C1. Genet. Med. 25, 100349 (2023). (PMID: 36470574) ; Nass, R. D. et al. Serum biomarkers of cerebral cellular stress after self-limiting tonic clonic seizures: an exploratory study. Seizure 85, 1–5 (2021). (PMID: 33360039) ; Giovannini, G. et al. Serum neurofilament light as biomarker of seizure-related neuronal injury in status epilepticus. Epilepsia 63, e23–e29 (2022). (PMID: 34806176) ; Ouédraogo, O. et al. Increased frequency of proinflammatory CD4 T cells and pathological levels of serum neurofilament light chain in adult drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia 62, 176–189 (2021). (PMID: 33140401) ; Nissen, M. S. et al. CSF-neurofilament light chain levels in NMDAR and LGI1 encephalitis: a national cohort study. Front. Immunol. 12, 719432 (2021). (PMID: 349758328716734) ; Lardeux, P. et al. Core cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. J. Neurol. 269, 377–388 (2022). (PMID: 34104991) ; Guasp, M. et al. Neurofilament light chain levels in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and primary psychiatric psychosis. Neurology 98, e1489–e1498 (2022). (PMID: 35145006) ; Ziemssen, T. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of brain injury in Wilson’s disease: clinical and neuroradiological correlations. Mov. Disord. 37, 1074–1079 (2022). (PMID: 35114010) ; Hermann, P. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for fatal familial insomnia. Eur. J. Neurol. 29, 1841–1846 (2022). (PMID: 35212083) ; Alagaratnam, J. et al. Correlation between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma neurofilament light protein in treated HIV infection: results from the COBRA study. J. Neurovirol. 28, 54–63 (2022). (PMID: 34874540) ; Smeele, P. J. et al. Neurofilament light increases over time in severe COVID-19 and is associated with delirium. Brain Commun. 4, fcac195 (2022). (PMID: 359380709351727) ; Cooper, J. et al. Quantification of neurological blood-based biomarkers in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Crit. Care Explor. 2, e0238 (2020). (PMID: 330630387535554) ; Masvekar, R. R. et al. Prognostic value of serum/plasma neurofilament light chain for COVID-19-associated mortality. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 9, 622–632 (2022). (PMID: 353133879082006) ; Abdelhak, A. et al. Prognostic performance of blood neurofilament light chain protein in hospitalized COVID-19 patients without major central nervous system manifestations: an individual participant data meta-analysis. J. Neurol. 270, 3315–3328 (2023). (PMID: 3718465910183689) ; Syrjanen, J. A. et al. Associations of amyloid and neurodegeneration plasma biomarkers with comorbidities. Alzheimers Dement. 18, 1128–1140 (2022). (PMID: 34569696) ; Bittner, S., Oh, J., Havrdová, E. K., Tintoré, M. & Zipp, F. The potential of serum neurofilament as biomarker for multiple sclerosis. Brain 144, 2954–2963 (2021). (PMID: 341809828634125) ; UniProt. P07197 HFM_Human https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P07197/entry (2024). ; UniProt. P12036 NFH_Human https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P12036/entry (2024). ; UniProt. P07196. NFL_Human https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P07196/entry (2024). ; UniProt. Q16352. AINX_Human https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q16352/entry (2024). ; UniProt. P41219. PERI_Human https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P41219/entry (2024).
- Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Biomarkers) ; 0 (Neurofilament Proteins)
- Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20240412 Date Completed: 20240504 Latest Revision: 20240508
- Update Code: 20240509
|
