Project on Training of Non-Formal Education Personnel: National Workshops in Bhutan, Nepal, and India cum Study Visits Undertaken by Teams of China, Lao PDR and Viet Nam (June 17-July 5, 1998) (APPEAL).

This report is a summary of study visits plus workshops that took place in Bhutan, Nepal, and India in 1998 within the framework of UNESCO's Asia-Pacific Programme of Education for All (APPEAL). Three educators each from China, Lao PDR, and Vietnam and educators from the host countries participated. The project aimed to promote literacy and primary education in disadvantaged rural areas and was based on two UNESCO-supported pilot projects: the promotion of primary education for girls and disadvantaged groups in China, India, Nepal, and Vietnam; and the promotion of literacy for youth and adults in Bhutan, China, Lao PDR, and Nepal. Study visit objectives included exchanging experiences through presentations and discussions, observing literacy classes and other nonformal education in the countries visited, contributing experience to teacher training workshops, and offering concrete proposals and suggestions to governments. Among the main issues discussed was the difference among countries in social context and disparities that hinder the achievement of APPEAL. While the urban-rural gap was common to all six countries (those visited and those of study team members), gender disparity was more serious in South Asia, and caste was an important social factor in India and Nepal. Issues affecting the sustainability and potential expansion of initial projects included program quality and relevance to the needs of communities and learners, community participation and ownership, national commitment through concrete policies, and effective planning and management. Research also plays an important role in ensuring program quality, building bridges between intellectuals and the grassroots, and influencing policy makers. Other important issues included the need for coordinated planning and implementation of formal and nonformal education and the overwhelming need for nonformal education of girls and women. Appendices contain a list of participants and activities during the study visit. (TD)